Turbidity and solids determination Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Turbidity and solids assurance - Lab Report Example The standard strategy for the turbidity assurance is engaged around the Jackson light turbid meter. Estimations made using the flame turbid meter are engaged around the manner in which light experiences a suspension that commendable inspirations the image of the fire to evaporate. The more drawn out the light way; it cuts down the turbidity (Letterman 26). Estimations using this strategy are represented as a piece of Jackson Turbidity Units or JTU. The nephelometer, or business turbid meter, is an other fundamental system, which breaks down the intensity of light dissipated by the model under described conditions with the power of light dispersed by a standard outcome under similar conditions. The higher the power of dispersed light, the higher the turbidity. Estimations made using this technique are recorded inside Nephelometric Turbidity Units or NTU. Complete solids suggest the issue or development that residual parts in the wake of evaporating and drying of water test. Lt fuses suspended solids that could be isolated out, and the broke down solids that go through the channel. Settleable solids are those suspended solids that will settle out by gravity under peaceful conditions. Volumetric and gravimetric tests could be used to center the bit of the solids that are settleable-Gravimetric examination is habitually used for the assurance of solids. This incorporates mindful weighing of channels and dishes beforehand, at that point sometime later model filtering and drying (Letterman 50). Tests must be decisively estimated, gauged and recorded with a specific ultimate objective to get convincing outcomes. The turbid meter was turns on and let to warm for 15 minutes. Checking was done on the turbid meter utilizing the principles operating at a profit cases close to the instrument. The proper range was chosen starting with a higher range. Filled the example vial with an all around blended

Tips to Write a Research Paper

Tips to Write a Research PaperWriting a Research Paper is not as easy as it seems. You must be smart enough to understand the essence of your written assignment. Then it is very essential that you take extra care to check out every little information that relates to your paper. This is a very good way to go, as you can be sure that you are not missing out on any significant information regarding your topic of study.It is highly important that you stay updated with your knowledge base. In other words, you must take every opportunity to monitor the changes in the research literature. For instance, if a new research study is published on the same topic of your study, you must be in a position to check out the findings of the study itself and of course make use of the written material published in the report.Some software packages may offer you with research tools that you can easily update yourself. For instance, you may be able to access a program that will keep track of all research s tudies published in major journals, including clinical trials. Such an offer can be great in helping you stay informed about the latest developments in the field of medicine. Of course, you should know that such an activity would entail you to undertake a search on research reports in order to compile the information you need.Another important factor that you must consider is to update yourself on medical journals. Many of these journals have their online versions, which you can access whenever you want to look for updates on topics of your research papers.One more thing you can do to keep yourself up to date with the latest developments in the medical field is to subscribe to newsletters related to your topic of study. You may get to know about important developments in this regard even before they come to your notice, because most of the latest research is typically published in the scholarly journals or is disseminated to researchers through awards or scholarships.Making it a poi nt to keep yourself updated with all the latest research findings would help you to write a Research Paper effectively. Remember that most of the current trends and findings should be part of the discussion, even though they might not be described explicitly in the writing itself. The critical factor is to remember that most of the changes in the research literature happen in real time.If you cannot find any other way to keep yourself updated on developments in the field of medicine, you must start looking for Reserch Paper makers. Such writers offer you with the chance to design a Reserch Paper according to your requirements. The best thing about such writers is that they provide you with some of the best learning resources that can help you become well-informed about the present state of the medical research literature.After all is said and done, you should make it a point to read all the available literature in the medical field. You should remember that the modern medical practi ce depends largely on research work. Therefore, you must always ensure that you have an active role in this regard, even if only as a regular participant in conferences or events organized by your local health community.

8 Persuasive Writing Techniques to Make the Story Appealing

8 Persuasive Writing Techniques to Make the Story Appealing Whether the story is fictional or not, there are less well-known persuasive writing techniques you can use to make it more appealing. Sometimes all it takes is a little reminding and boom, just like that new ideas come on like cerebral wildfire. In this article we’ll look at eight reliable methods you can use to compel your readers into deeper personal involvement. #1: Almighty Propaganda Not to get dark or anything, but look at how well certain governments and corporate bodies throughout modern history have used propaganda to persuade the masses do any number of oddball things. Are you adequately repeating the theme of the story in different ways? Are you creating characters that deepen the story by reinforcing your point, or pull it apart? If you need the reader to feel or imaginatively see something, then it bears repeating. Listen, the facts are in ladies and gentlemen: if you repeat a theme, a moral or even a marketing slogan to someone through a story about ten times over a short period you’ll imprint it within their minds. Say the same thing, show the same scene, or make the same impression in a series of different ways like creative and subtle propaganda. #2: Provide Reasons â€" Anything Will Do Give the readers good reason they should continue on with the next paragraph, buy the product, get involved with the character or even take you seriously as a writer. One of the most powerful words in your reason-arsenal is “because.” Why because? Who because? When because? What because? Everything needs to have because after it in one way or another for readers to buy into whatever story you’re selling. And here’s the key, your reasons don’t technically need to make sense. Of course in non-fiction this is situational, but for sales copy and fiction writing in general the reasons just need to be good enough to persuade, right? Since most human beings are persuaded emotionally, there’s a big grey area in the reasoning department. #3: Consistent Upward Climbs Rollercoasters are awesome, but they’re also mentally exhausting. If you want to drive readers nuts and have them begging for a CTA (call to action), then build your story with steady unchanging upwards momentum. Think about it from a psychological perspective. How much of human society is based on consistency? The power grid, entertainment, the work force etc. We’re mentally programmed not to come across as inconsistent. So, consistency needs to be woven into the fabric of your persuasive writing. #4: Lavish Readers with Social Proof Social proof is about tapping into another engrained trait â€" need for acceptance. Whether we want to admit it or not, we like to do what everyone else is doing. A simple example is, pretend you have a choice between two items of equal price and quality. One has customer testimonials extolling its virtues while the other does not. Which one do you think roughly 8 out of 10 people go with? Now, those testimonials could be completely false. It doesn’t occur to us to check their validity. Once you learn to recognize social proofing you begin to see it in all of the most powerful writing, regardless of genre. #5: Parables, Allegories, Metaphors Similes You could throw Myths in that list as well. This is the stuff that drives the human mind into frenzy. The trick, and the challenging part, is to make them original. How many creative, funny and ironic comparisons (simile) can you make between a mouse and a man? Metaphors get complex ideas across in a digestible way, through story. They make direct connections in indirect ways. Allegories are tough. Try making one of those up. Think about Plato’s timeless “Allegory of the Cave”. There is perhaps nothing more powerful than the proper and effective use of these tools. You can dramatically sweep minds right off their feet and into your arms (see what I just did there?). Study them and whenever you can, use them. #6: Appeal to the Human Animal Objectively, human beings are beings just like any others, at least in a physical sense. We’re governed to certain degrees, by instincts. These instincts go back hundreds of thousands of years. Jealousy, envy, acceptance into the tribe etc. When you really want to grab someone, grab them tribally. We all intimately understand the concept of “tribe.” Modern tribes are everywhere! #7: Unrestrained and yet Structured Insanity Go crazy. Do the unexpected and throw a few proverbial BIC lighters into the fire when no one’s looking. Upset the tribe. The key is to only allow true chaos to reign momentarily. If you sustain it too long the writing will thin out and all connection might be lost. Structure the insanity. #8: Get Psychological Last but not least, when your writing needs to evolve go psychological. It’s all psychological regardless really. Become the captain of that ship rather than the guy up in the crow’s nest. As the writer, you’re in control of the rudder of your story, not the audience. Use their minds as your persuasive sails. Have you created your own story? Do you have any tips for writing with persuasion?

Essay On Loss Supported by Relevant Academic Sources - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2431 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Choose one event on loss and construct an academic essay supported by relevant academic sources INTRODUCTION This essay explores my experience of loss and grief after the death of my father in 1997 and how my grieving process relates to theories put forward to explain and deal with bereavement. Hall (2014) suggests that loss and grief are fundamental to human life..Harvey (1998) perceives loss as a life experience relating to something irreversible and emotions towards what is lost. Hall (2014) defines grief as the response to the loss in its totality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" including its physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and spiritual manifestations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and as a natural and normal reaction to loss. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Essay On Loss Supported by Relevant Academic Sources" essay for you Create order It has been argued that in order to understand grief it is important to understand the role of attachment. Mallon (2008) observed that in order to have loss there must be attachment. As a result many theories of attachment play a major role in bereavement counseling. Bowlby (1980) emphasised the role of attachment in relationships. He suggests that a childs emotional growth will be compromised if the child does not have attachment to a significant other person. The consequences can be that the individual may have difficulties connecting with others. This essay will first explore some of the salient theories on grief and bereavement. Secondly, a discussion of my experiences grieving my fathers death drawing on some key elements of bereavement theories will follow. Finally, a summary of the discussion will conclude the essay. THEORIES OF BEREAVEMENT AND LOSS Freud (1953 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1974) was the first major contributor to the theory of grief. His theory stressed that grieving individuals search for an attachment that has been lost. His work involved the process of breaking the links that bonded the survivor to the deceased. He identified three elements namely: Freeing the bereaved from the bondage to the deceased Readjustment to life without the deceased Building new relationships. Parkes (1971, 1996) argued that Freuds concept of grief was useful in considering grief to be part of a rebuilding process which he calls psychosocial transition. Freud (1953-1974) argued that the grieving experience for the bereaved requires that they acknowledge their separation from the deceased by going through a process that includes painful emotions of guilt and anger. Furthermore, these emotions must be expressed. Key to Freuds approach was the idea that if the bereaved failed to work with or complete their grief work, then the grieving process would become complicated and compromise recovery. This model stresses the importance of moving on as quickly as possible in order to return to normal functioning. Influenced by Freud (1953-1974), several grief theorists including KÃÆ' ¼bler Ross (1969), Bowlby (1980) and Parkes Weiss (1983) conceptualised grief as a process of predictable phases and tasks. One of the most recognised was KÃÆ' ¼bler Ross (1969), who proposed t he five-stage model that constituted the following stages: Shock and denial Anger Resentment and guilt Bargaining Depression and Acceptance. The model insists that failure to complete the stages would result in acute mental health complications. Hall (2014) argues that the stage theories were popular because they suggest a sense of conceptual order while offering hope of recovery and closure. Despite their popularity, most stage theories attracted criticism in the same way that Freuds proposition attracted criticism for their lack of empirical evidence and their rigidity. Furthermore, the stage theories have been challenged for their inability to capture the complex, diverse and multi-faceted nature of the grieving experience. Baxter and Diehl (1998) argue that since grief is considered to be fluid, it is unlikely that individuals are able to go through the stages in a methodical manner as advocated by the stage theorists. In short, they do not take account of factors such as the physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual needs that impact on the bereaved people, their families and intimate networks (Hall 2 014). Despite these criticisms, early stage theories have provided great groundwork and influence on current theories such as the Dual-Processing theory developed by Stroebe and Schut (1999) and Worden (2008). Hall (2014) argues that these theories take account of many of the risks and protective factors identified by research and provide an important context for appreciating the idiosyncratic nature of attachment to the deceased that is lacking in the earlier stage theories. Both models provide frameworks that guide intervention. Richardson and Balaswamy (2001), when evaluating the Dual Processing Model, suggested that avoiding grief can have both positive and negative outcomes. They proposed that this is where bereavement is perceived as including Loss of Orientation and Restoration Orientation. The griever in the loss-orientation is preoccupied with emotions, yearning and ruminating about the deceased, whereas, restoration orientation involves taking over the responsibilities and the roles undertaken by the deceased and making lifestyle changes, setting up a new identity without the deceased (Richardson, 2007; Bennett, 2010a). Worden (2008) suggests that grieving should be considered as an active process that involves engagement with four tasks: Accepting the reality of the loss Processing the pain of grief Adjusting to a world without the deceased (including both internal, external and spiritual adjustments) Finding an enduring connection with the deceased whilst embarking on a new life. To understand what the client is experiencing, Worden identified seven determinants that need to be considered: Who the person who died was The nature of the attachment to the deceased How the person died Historical antecedents Personality variables Social mediators Concurrent stressors EXPERIENCES OF GRIEF In discussing my grieving process, I am going to draw on Wordens (2008) four tasks indicated above. The seven determinants indicated above will be used to guide the discussion and interpret the experience utilising relevant theoretical perspectives. i. To accept the reality of the loss I was in the UK undertaking my nursing course when my father died in Zimbabwe from a sudden heart related problem. I was informed early in the morning soon after my brother received news of his death. Since I was living alone, I had to make several phone calls home to confirm his death and to ascertain how he died and establish why more was not done. I remember crying but the tears did not correspond to my emotions. For a long time I felt detached from my feelings. My emotions appeared to be bottled up and were difficult to release. My immediate response to the news reflects Bowlby and Parkes (1970)s proposed first stage of grief where the individual experiences numbness, shock, and denial. I h ad always dreaded the day my father would die. I remember pacing up and down my bedroom, feeling very alone and helpless. During one of the calls from my brother, he mentioned that he needed me there. That was the time that I realised that this was real. It was at this moment that I started to call friends and informing them of the news. I cannot remember most of what happened but I remember one of my friends took over and made the necessary travel arrangements and spoke to my family in Zimbabwe. I believe that I only accepted the loss much later when I found that I could not share with him that I had bought a beautiful house. I desperately needed his comments and praises. My letter with the surprise information and pictures was in the post box when he passed away. ii. To process the pain of grief I believe I experienced the pain of losing my father when I returned to the UK after going through three weeks of the funeral and other rituals related to death in my culture. The cu ltural rituals are a mixed bag of tears, laughter, praying, singing and sharing memories and kinship with the deceased. This, to a large extent, eased me into the grieving process. However, the real pain of his loss took place when I returned to the UK where I could grieve in private. I found myself avoiding friends and other associates. It was as if my identity had been taken away and that made me tearful. This echoes the suggestion by Caserta and Lund (1992) that the bereaved may have to redefine their identity. Prompting questions like Who am I now that I am no longer a daughter? Hall (2011) and Caserta and Lund (1992) suggest that this can set in motion a process of re-learning ourselves and the world. On reflection, friends and associates reminded me of the me that I had lost. The pain would come and go. I often cried on my own. The crying and anxiety concurs with Bowlbys proposition that loss of the affectional attachment results in emotional disturbances such as anxiety, cryi ng and anger (Freeman, 2005). I experienced this for over a year and felt lost. Although functioning, I was no longer myself. I started having frequent dreams of my father and would look forward to going to bed where I could be with my father. iii. To adjust to a world without the deceased It is difficult to identify exactly when it was that I adjusted to a life without my father. It took a long time. Although we lived far from each other, my father played a major role in most of my decisions and reassurances. Two events contributed to my adjustment. Firstly, my mother encouraged me to register for a Masters course that I was talking myself out of. Suddenly, I saw my fathers qualities in her. The security and trust I had in my father had transferred to my mother. Secondly, crying uncontrollably at a church in the UK the day I received news that my brother had died in a car accident. On reflection I realised that although I was crying for the loss of my brother, I was also fina lly crying for my father. Taking over care for my brothers children added to the adjustment of living without my father. iv. Finding an enduring connection with the deceased whilst embarking on a new life Being ancestral believers, the bond between my late father and me remains but it manifests in a different form to the bond we had when he was alive. I believe that spiritually, my father and my forefathers protect me and help me achieve my ambitions by chasing away bad spirits and creating luck and opportunities for me. My family and I participate in cultural rituals in remembrance of him and our forefathers. Psychologically, my bond with my father remains as he continues to be my role model. As a result, I dedicate most of my achievements to him. This continued connection and perceived role played by my father 18 years after his death confirm Datson and Marwits (1997) argument that continued bonds with deceased can have positive outcomes. Therefore, letting go is not necessa rily the requirement for successful grieving. According to Hall (2014) this idea represents recognition that death ends a life, not necessarily a relationship. CONCLUSION The discussion above illustrates that the theoretical perspectives of loss and bereavement have developed from emotional attachment to more holistic approaches. These theories not only carry on the influences of the early work focused on emotions and attachment but take account of the social, economic, cultural and spiritual needs experienced by bereaved people. Significantly, these theories do not center letting go as a requirement of successful grieving. On the contrary, a continued bond with the deceased can be positive. My experience largely confirmed the complexity of the grieving process. Some of the experiences indicated above confirmed some of the early theorists observations such as the emotional rollercoaster and the early stage theorists suggestions of shock in the early stages. I did not however experience the full stages of grieving in chronological order, and the experience was by no means quick. Factors such as my culture and spiritual beliefs contributed significant ly to my grieving process and influenced the outcome of my continued bond with father. In view of this it can be argued that there is a place for the different approaches to loss and bereavement in supporting bereaved people. However, the multi-cultural society encouraged by globalisation requires that we take account of the wider aspects of the bereavement process. REFERENCES Baxter, E. A. and Diehl, S. (1998). Emotional stages: Consumers and family members recovering from the trauma of mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 21(4) Bennett, K. M. (2010a). You cant spend years with someone and just cast them aside: Augmented identity in older British widows. Journal of Women and Aging, 22, (3), 204-217 Bennett, K. M. (2010b). How to achieve resilience as an older widower: Turning points or gradual change? Ageing and Society, 30 (03), 369-382. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Volume 3, Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books Bowlby, J. and Parkes, C. M. (1970). Separation and loss within the family. In E. J. Anthony C. Koupernik (Eds.), The child in his family: International Yearbook of Child Psychiatry and Allied Professions (pp. 197-216), New York: Wiley Caserta, M. S. and Lund D. A. (1992). Bereavement stress and coping among older adults: Expectations versus the actual experience. Omega, 25, 33-45. Dat son, S. L. and Marwit, S. J. (1997). Personality constructs and perceived presence of deceased loved ones. Death Studies, 21 , 131 -146 Freud, S. (1953/1974). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14). London: Hogarth. (Original work published in 1917.) Freeman, S. (2005). Grief and Loss: Understanding the Journey. Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/ Cole. Hall, C. (2011). Beyond Kubler-Ross: Recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement.Retrieved June 19, 2015, from https://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2011/december/hall/ Hall, C, 2014. Bereavement theory: recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement, Bereavement Care, 33:1, 7-12, .Retrieved June 19, 2015, from:https://www.psychology.org.au/publications/inpsych/2011/december/hall/ Harvey J. H. (1998). Perspectives on Loss, a Sourcebook. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis K ÃÆ' ¼bler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying . New York: Springer Mallon, B. (2008). Attachment and loss, death and dying. Theoretical foundations for bereavement counselling. In Praise for the Book: Dying, death and grief: Working with adult bereavement. (pp. 4-17). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Parkes, C. M. (1971). Psycho-Social Transitions: A field for study. Social Science and Medicine, 5. 101-115 Parkes, C. M. (1996). Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life (3rd Ed.). London, London: Routledge Parkes C. M. and Weiss R. S. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books. Richardson, V. E. (2007). A dual process model of grief counseling: Findings from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) studyJournal of Gerontological Social Work, 48 (3/4), 311-329. Richardson, V. E. and Balaswamy, S. (2001). Coping with bereavement among elderly widowers. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 43 (2), 129-144. Stroebe M. S. and Schut, H. (1999). The dua l process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Studies 23(3) 197-224. Worden J. W. (2008). Grief counseling and grief therapy: a handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed.). New York: Springer

The Science Of Science Education - 1728 Words

Most children are born with an innate curiosity about the world around them. However, most of these children lose this curiosity somewhere within their education. Specifically when looking at modern science education. The science education of today has various problems such as killing the curiosity of students, which leads to science becoming this rigid field of study that does not allow for excitement, understanding, or the ability to question the science authorities. These problems in science education lead to long term problems of not creating forward thinkers who are committed to driving science for the sake of scientific curiosity as opposed to being driven by personal gain such as money or publication, and an alarming portion of the†¦show more content†¦Then those students who do not care or hold interest in it grow up to be adults who do not care about science as a whole or its impact on the world. Students losing their excitement about science, also could be linked t o the teachers not being as excited about the subject of science they are teaching. So, these students who are have lost their curiosity no longer have excitement about learning science, which leads the teachers to lose their excitement because in learning there must be some kind of rewarding interaction for both the learner and instructor to gain something. This also has a hand in the problem of students and people in general understanding science topics. If students are forced to learn science through methods that lead them to a place where they do not care about science, then the majority of them will not actively participate in learning and retaining the science education they have been provided with. This leads to the a loss of understanding as those students grow up. This is actively seen in the different way science topics come up in our society today. One of the biggest examples is climate change, because it is estimated that a large number of people believe it is a hoax, e ven our own president believes this. Various scientist have put forth evidence to prove that climateShow MoreRelatedThe Science Of Science Education1076 Words   |  5 PagesAs I look back at my science education, I cannot recall a lot of details about my science classes or my science teachers. I tend to have a love/hate relationship when it comes to science. Science is a subject that did not come easily to me. I had to spend a lot of hours each week studying in order to be able to pass the test for that week. Although I spent many hours studying every week for a test, I found myself not being able to recall the information I had studied once the test was over with.Read MoreScience Education And Knowledge Of Science921 Words   |  4 PagesScience Education and Knowledge Despite the distinction being made between the arts and the sciences in the curriculum appearing definite, there are a number of aspects of Science education in primary education which make it more similar than different to music education. The first aspect which provides a link between science and music is the idea of exploration and discovery through science. Contrary to the beliefs of many, science is not only about discovering â€Å"truths† as there are no scientificRead MoreThe Science Of Engineering And Science Education2394 Words   |  10 Pagesengineering and sciences courses due to its important to understand the science of engineering and scientific phenomena. 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Every time a new technology is invented and inserted into everyday use, it is expected of people to learn to use it in order to progress. For example, when shoes with laces were invented and popularized, people were taught at a very early age how to tie them, and it is now common knowledge to know how to tie shoelaces into a bow. Now there is a new technology that the world is becomingRead MoreFamily And Consumer Sciences Education Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesFamily and Consumer Sciences Education has tremendously evolved since its beginning roots with Ellen Swallow Richards. FCS has obtained a new role within public schools and the community, far different than it was before. What was previously seen as the classes for women is now a requirement for high school graduation plans. The positive societal views of Family and Consumer Sciences is increasing the development as well as furthering the program. The following analyzes and examines the FamilyRead MoreIntroduction. 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Several states have passed regulations that allo w schools to teach both evolution and creationism. The Louisiana Science Education Act, in particularRead MoreScience in Early Childhood Education3184 Words   |  13 Pages(Upgrade NZTC) Course Code: B411a Science in Early Childhood Education This research focuses on science in early childhood education, because as an educator I have always had an interest in science and I often wonder whether I am teaching this topic effectively and correctly for the children. I will define ‘What is science? And I will use a minimum of six articles relating to my topic. What is Science? Duschl, Schweingruber, Shouse, defines science, Science is both a body of knowledge that represents

The Globalization of Culture Cultural Homogenization

Cultural individuality and distinctiveness is the pride of every nation. All communities rejoice in the richness and exoticness of their own cultural symbols, be it dressing, architecture, language or way-of-life. With the dawn of globalization, however, cultural variety and distinguishing characteristics are vanishing; giving rise to a monoculture common to all. While this may be a harbinger of unity and relatedness among all people of the world, it also damages the unique cultural identities they once took pride in. This paper discusses the effects of globalization on culture, along with its positive and negative effects. Since the effects of globalization on culture are non-exhaustive, it is attempted to incorporate a few of the most†¦show more content†¦Even now, most nations have adopted westernization as a means of remaining on the global circuit. As Suzuki points out in his study on Japan and China, Japan has tried to conform to the so called â€Å"standard of civili zation† so that it can be accepted in the western international society, whereas China has only selectively adopted some western elements to gain strength for the protection of its own culture against western impact (as cited in Buzan, 2010, p. 8). B. Syncretist Model In contrast to the one-way cultural exchange proposed by the Vanguardist model, the Syncretist model holds that cultural exchanges occur among all civilizations, because of which, cultures not only evolve internally, but also as a result of â€Å"encounters† with other cultures (Buzan, 2010, p. 10). For instance, Islam spread from the Middle East to Asia and Africa and Buddhism spread from India to East Asia. 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Globalization is the process of interaction amongst people, businesses, governments of different countries and nations, and is driven and or influenced by international trade and international business. Technology has been one of the largest contributing factors to the reason why the world is becoming more globalized. Globalization has both positive and negative effectsRead MoreGlobalization and Cultural Homogenization Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe rapid development of economic globalization and cultural globalization enhances cultural transaction between different countries. E ven though in this process culture between different countries still has its own characteristic on the whole, the cultural homogenization has been presented in social life, especially in the media industry. This essay will discuss the definition of globalization and cultural homogenization, and the popularity of Hollywood movies in China, the phenomenon of convergenceRead MoreGlobalization and Education1373 Words   |  6 PagesScientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)’s Bureau of Strategic Planning (2004) reported that globalization has not only contributed to the greater exchanges of ideas and awareness of the uniqueness of individual cultures and societies, but has highlighted the fundamental differences that result from these unique characteristics. There are many advantages for societies and cultures as they become increasingly interconnected (Heimonen, 2012) through the process of globalization. InterconnectednessRead MoreGlobalization : A Positive Light926 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing worries that globalization makes people lose their character. However, globalization`s dominance can be viewed in a positive light. This essay will explain why globalization will not put people in danger of becoming the same. It will then discuss that globalization helps different nations keep their traditional culture and stimulates economic growth in developing countries. Globalization shall be beneficial to every culture because people could show their cultural individuality and enjoyRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On The Global World1550 Words   |  7 Pagesglobalized society, commodities, ideologies, and hegemonic forces are constantly transferred from a dominating power onto other cultures with lesser global influence. The Disney media conglomerate yields an unprecedented amount of control over the means of media consumption on a global scale. As Souad Belkyr proposes in â€Å"Disney animation: Global diffusion and local appropriation of culture,† â€Å"Disney products function as an apparatus that potentially prescribe consumerist ideologies and individualistic ethicsRead MoreUnderstanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe1054 Words   |  5 Pagesacross the world. In their products, in their professional practices and cultures, in their systems of relationships with other political and social institutions, media systems across the world are becoming increasingly alike. Political systems, meanwile, are becoming increasingly similar in the patterns of communication they incorporate. We will explore this trend toward global homogenization of media systems and the public sphere, focusing particularly on the relations Read MoreGlobalization And The Threat Of Cultural Imperialism1133 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization has produced a new level of interconnectedness among us, for it is an interconnectedness that not only compels diversification, but also provides a shared experience into the worldview of the accompanying culture. While the power of globalization would be advantageous in stimulating sustainable economic growth; that same power produces an evolving set of consequences – some good and some bad. In order to understand the effects of globalization and the threat of cultural imperialismRead MoreGlobalisation Leads to the Homogenization of Cultures Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of economic globalization. As there is an inseparable relationship between economy and culture, the more the trend of economic globalization accelerates, the faster the trend of various culture globalization blends (Seitz, 1995, p. 27). Collisions between various cultures may have different consequences. Some scholars think that the long-term results of culture clash might lead to homogenization of cultures, which means people become the same as the dominant culture, such as sharing theRead MoreThe Cartoonist : A Cartoon From Gibbleguts.com1402 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who protest globalization. In the cartoon, a man is standing and holding a sign that declares, â€Å"STOP GLOBALIZATION NOW!† This man has arrows and words around him indicating where his material possessions were made; his glasses from Singapore, his shirt in China, his shoes in Indonesia, and so on. In addition to being dressed in an outfit that does not look like something that would be worn on a regular basis, the man is also being mocked for the stance he takes on globalization. He protests theRead MoreGlobalization And Its Impact On Society1274 Words   |  6 Pagespeople alike, yet globalization is a vastly broad and unfamiliar concept to a majority of people. Personally, before enrolling in this class, I thought I knew what the general idea of globalization was, as rudimentary and elementary as my knowledge of the topic had been. However, after only exposing myself to a minuscule amount of cultural literature throughout the course of this class thus far, I have greatly expanded my understanding of what the true meaning of globalization is: a process that

Uber for Political and Legal Environment- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theUberfor Political and Legal Environment. Answer: Introduction: For customers, UBER means taxi. On the other hand drivers considered this as the service that recommends them. the mobile technology supports this business by providing the app for the company that helps the customers to know about the driver details, the time limit in which the cab reaches to them and the money their need to pay for their ride (Cannon and Summers, 2014). For drivers, this app acts as the mediator that helps them to get the ride and to earn. This app facilitates the user to transact the money online with internet support. UBER is the platform that facilitates the drivers to have the opportunity for better earnings. In this process of associating with UBER proper steps need to be followed by the company and the driver. The driver needs to get his background check done before using the services of UBER. The driver needs to have their own car which needs to be insured. It has been identified that many drivers are using this service for earning their income. As far as th e app is considered, it is very easy to use. The app also provides the customer as well as the driver to rate each other after the ride. The company is going very fast in expansion. It has expanded its business in around 58 countries and earning high profits everywhere (Rogers, 2015). This company or business is the epitome of innovation as the business has used the old business with new approach. There is no innovation in the services as it is just like other taxi services but their process that has been used to conduct the business is very innovative in nature. PESTLE Analysis: Pestle Definitions UBER Political Decision affect by developments in the political and legal environment. The government interfere in the taxi industry business as every car running on the roads required licence from the government as well as the driver driving the cars. The minimum wage low for this industry is also discussed by the government which needs to be considered. Economic Whether the service or product are locally produced or imported goods and services. as the economy of the country and the private sector increases, the requirement for transport increases and thus enhances the earnings of this industry Social Is there social approval? Do socialites acknowledge the benefits of this service or product? The biggest social factor that affects the taxi industry and the companies like UBER is the population of the country. More the population of the country more is requirement for transportation (Cramer and Krueger, 2016). Another factor is urbanization. This industry is very useful in urban areas. Technological The most dramatic force, the factor of the companys growth rate in social media, websites and online resources. Technology is directly related to UBER. This is because the app used by this company to associate the driver and the customers is the results of technology only. The change in technology requires the company to make changes in their application as well. Environmental If the natural environment is being damaged by the industries activities It is major concern now a day. This is because more vehicles on the road generate more pollution and thus sharing the rides is option that helps to reduce this threat of environment (Rempel, 2014). Legal The impact of laws, regulations and legislations. The added effect of the car fumes on the eco system can be recognised as carbon dioxide emissions that have been linked to climate change and global warming. References: Cannon, S. and Summers, L.H., 2014. How Uber and the sharing economy can win over regulators.Harvard business review,13, pp.1-4. Cramer, J. and Krueger, A.B., 2016. Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber.The American Economic Review,106(5), pp.177-182. Rempel, J., 2014. A Review of Uber, the Growing Alternative to Traditional Taxi Service. Rogers, B., 2015. The social costs of Uber.U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue,82, p.85.

Farewell Party free essay sample

Farewell Party It is normally said that the prime time in the life of anyone is the time that he spends in school. This is, undoubtedly, golden age, which he recollects sentimentally for the rest of his life. And this golden era came to an end on 2nd February 2012, which happened to be my last day at school. It was the time to leave my school forever, where I had spent past ten years of my life. The farewell took place in a huge hall, jazzed up with strips of multi-colored paper, balloons and gaudy lights.The seats were organized in an arc. There were chairs for faculty and other inmates of the school. Though there was an aura of euphoria and exhilaration, yet it was tinged with an air of misery and despair. All students were dressed formally. In the span of a decade, this was the first instance that I wasnt wearing my school uniform. We will write a custom essay sample on Farewell Party or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though sad, but feeling excited, we all occupied our seats and the function started. On the onset, there was the ceremony of lighting the lamp which was initiated by theHeadmaster of our school. Then the Juniors hosted a party in our privilege. It included tempting and delicious dishes and refreshments. After the party, different entertaining programs were held for our delight by the hosts. Finally, we took the stage to express our feelings about the school and our experience of studying here while other students and faculty members were served with appetizer and snacks. Along with the delicacies, tea was also offered. Afterwards, the Principal and the teachers delivered their speeches In English and Urdu. They commended us that we should keep the name and stature of our school. They advised us that we should never forget our alma mater. Finally they all wished us a successful life. Then we took a group photograph with our Juniors and then our faculty members. Afterwards we took autographs of our beloved teachers. At the end, we said goodbye to each other hoping to meet again.

Direct and Indirect Essay Example

Direct and Indirect Essay Example Direct and Indirect Paper Direct and Indirect Paper Topic: Direct and Indirect Speech We may report the words of a speaker in two ways:- (i). we may quote his actual words. This is called Direct Speech. (ii). We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indirect Speech. For example: Direct:Ahmed said, â€Å"I am very busy now†. Indirect:Ahmed said that he was busy then. Direct Speech is that form of narration in which the actual words of a speaker are reported. It may be divided into two parts: the reported speech, i. e. the actual words of the speaker (its VERB is called Reported Verb); and the reporting speech, i. . the introductory words added to the reported speech (its VERB is called Reporting Verb). The reported speech is marked off by inverted commas. The reporting speech comes before or after the commas. Indirect Speech is that form of speech in which what one speaker says is reported by another with utmost accuracy but without using his actual words. It will be noticed that in Direct Speec h, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not. It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect certain changes have been made.Thus: (i). we have used the conjunction that before the Indirect statement. (ii). The pronoun I is changed to he. (The 1st Person Pronoun is changed into 3rd Person Pronoun). (iii). The verb am is changed to was . (Present Tense is changed to Past). (iv). The adverb now is changed to then. 1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES Definition: An assertive sentence makes a positive (Affirmative), negative or forceful statement. For example: 1. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. (Affirmative or positive) 2. Death is not the end of life. (Negative) 3. She did go to school. (Emphatic) or forceful statement.When Assertive Sentence is changed from the Direct into the Indirect Speech, all changes explained earlier take place. EXAMPLES: in the REPORTED SPEECH are also changed, when a sentence is changed from the Direct into the Indirect Speech. | | | | |Sr. No. |Words in Reported Speech |Changed into Indirect Speech | |1 |This |That | |2 |These |Those | |3 |Here |There | |4 |Now Then | |5 |Today |That day | |6 |Tonight |That night | |7 |Yesterday |The previous (last) day | |8 |Tomorrow |The next (following) day | |9 |Last night |The previous night | |10 |Ago |Before | |11 |Thus |So | |12 |Sir or madam |Respectfully | |13 |Good morning , good evening, good noon or good day |Greeted | |14 |Words like â€Å"well†, â€Å"all right,† â€Å"yes†, â€Å"hullo† and | | | |â€Å"no† are omitted. | | EXAMPLES: | | | | |Sr. No. DIRECT SPEECH |INDIRECT SPEECH | |1 |She says, â€Å"I do not like this dress† |She says that she does not like that dress. | |2 |He will say, â€Å"My father has bought these books for me. |He will say that his father has bought those books for him. | |3 |The lion said to the fox, â€Å"Many animals come here every d ay. † |The lion said to the fox that many animals came there every day. | |4 |The teacher said to us, â€Å"It is 9 o’clock by my watch now. † |The teacher said to us that it was 9 o’clock by his watch then. | |5 |The monitor says to the teacher, â€Å"Sir, the bell has gone. †

Technical Rationality and Reflection in Action Essay

Technical Rationality and Reflection in Action - Essay Example Both technical rationality and reflection in action represents the views of a society that can be measured and explained logically. The two concepts are essential in the finding of solutions for most professional problems and difficulties. Therefore, technical rationality is concerned with establishment of technicality in a profession while reflection in action is concerned with the application of the acquired knowledge. Both technical rationality and reflection in action limit the application of real knowledge in professionalism. Reflection in action is also considered as the first step towards attaining technical rationality. This is because technical rationality is vital in defining technical proficiency. Technical proficiency in turn determines the professional capacity or ability of an individual. Technical rationality and reflection in action have often been considered as theoretical concepts. However, technical rationality and reflection have a high degree of application (Smith, 1999). Technical rationality and reflection are essential in health care administration. The healthcare sector is a significant sector to the country and this makes the sector to be of interest to the legal system of a country. The sector also has a significant number of employees who need clear specification on their duties and limitations. Health practitioners also require knowing their limitations and expectations in the medical practice. Medical ethics provide essential guidelines for heath workers in their practice. Efficient and all-inclusive health workers policies and ethics can only be achieved through application of technical rationality. Technical rationality enables healthcare administrators to design logical policies for healthcare practitioners (Kraska, 2004). Healthcare administrators are also responsible for handling legal issues within the practice. This proves technical rationality and reflection

Consumer credit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consumer credit - Assignment Example en busy at work, he has not had time to carefully review his monthly statements, but is spending the weekend catching up on paying bills and organizing his desk. He is particularly interested in how much he still owes the credit card company. He reviews the statement and discovers there is a page missing – the one with the unpaid balance. He can see that his beginning balance for March (March 1 through March 31) was $800 and that he paid $280 on March 12, charged purchases of $150 on March 5, $100 on March 20, and $50 on March 30. Ling remembers that the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) on the credit card is 16% of the unpaid balance and interest is charged using the average daily balance method, including current purchases. d. Answer: Average daily balance is calculated by including the outstanding balance, new purchases and deducting payments and credits on each day in the billing cycle, we need to divide by number of days in the billing cycle. From the author’s point of view, the five factors are named as â€Å"Satisfying needs in case of insufficient income†, â€Å"Convenience in case of cashless case†, â€Å"Socialization and modernization†, â€Å"Easiness and safety in comparison with carrying cash† and â€Å"Shopping via telephone and inter-net†. (Okan Veli à ¹afakli, 2007). Credit cards can be a convenient means of payment, a useful tool for learning financial responsibility, a resource in case of emergencies, a means to establishing a good credit history and a way to gain greater access to credit in the future. If credit cards are mismanaged or misused, however, the disadvantages can result in severe financial consequences. (Louisiana State University, 2003). Ling has used the credit card wisely. He made the payment on time and as it is a revolving credit, it is good to charge the card and simultaneously make payments. This can have good impact on the credit history. It is a good practice to keep the balance less than the credit limit and this can

Racial Profiling within America’s Criminal Justice System Essay Example for Free

Racial Profiling within America’s Criminal Justice System Essay The criminal justice system of America is deeply scarred with racial bias. Crimes are being committed and, in turn, are resulting with innocent people doing hard-time. Thankfully, newfound methods of appealing court rulings are finding justice for these minorities; however, the results are as shocking as the crimes being committed. When it was found that the majority of successful appeals were of minorities, the true defects of the system was apparent. The minority community is being critically judged for things they’re not doing. Throughout the last decade lawmakers have be aiding the racial profiling scene. Arizona legislature passed a law allowing for an officer to demand papers of any person that proved their legal citizenship. The law, intending to lower the illegal immigrants in Arizona, became a symbol for racial profiling within our government. President Obama strongly opposed the passing of the law saying that it threatened â€Å"to undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and our communities that is so crucial to keeping us safe† (Archibold). It is a very rare occasion where the President speaks out about state legislature, proving the enormity of the law and its regards to human rights in America. The law, dubbed the â€Å"Show Me Your Papers† law, has Arizona residents furious. Faulting someone of being illegal, purely based on their appearance is a very subjective issue. Someone with a last name of Garcia or Rodriquez is much more likely to be suspected of being in the country illegally rather than someone with the last name of Smith. Because Smith has a very typically â€Å"American† last name, he, most likely, wouldn’t be asked to prove citizenship. This is a perfect example of the kind of profiling that Arizonians are concerned about. Not only have lawmakers been creating laws supporting racial profiling, but laws such as the â€Å"Stand your Ground† law in Florida are allowing for racial profiling to occur under a pseudonym. The â€Å"Stand your Ground† law allows for someone to use deadly force, if needed, in order to protect themselves from harm’s way. The recent slayings of teenagers Trayvon Martin and Jordan Davis, two African American teenagers, have so far been defended under the law, bringing uproar to the stateespecially among the black community. Even worse, it’s considered legal. Families and friends of these children defend them as being upstanding citizens killed due to their race. Although Martin and Davis have not been the only people murdered under the law, they are the ones bring publicity to it. Due to the media attention, the policy’s effect on different racial groups is finally being questioned. John Roman, a senior fellow at the Urban Institute’s Justice Policy Center, conducted a study intending to measure the racial bias within the policy. Roman focused his study on killings that were considered justified within the eyes of the court: the murder of people that just committed a felony. â€Å"Roman found that the killings of black people by whites were more likely to be considered justified than the killings of white people by blacks†¦. In non-Stand Your Ground states, whites are 250 percent more likely to be found justified in killing a black person than a white person who kills another white person; in Stand Your Ground states, that number jumps to 354 percent.† (Childress). Roman’s findings show that even laws that weren’t aimed to become a racial issue are. The issue, however, is that it’s not being stopped despite the blatantly obvious ramifications. Some might argue that people of color are being convicted for more crimes than other races because they’re the ones committing more crimes. A valid point, however, with the recent advancement of these races throughout society, it would be thought that these numbers would be heading in opposite directions. In reality, minorities are being served harsher consequences than their white counterparts despite their equal standing in society. Michigan State University (MSU) conducted a study revealing that there was often racial bias when selecting a jury—especially those involving minority parties. The study conducted by MSU examined jury selection as well as the decisions made by said juries. â€Å"The MSU study of capital charging and sentencing found that those who kill whites are more likely to get the death penalty than those who kill blacks. The MSU study found that a defendant is 2.6 times more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white.† (ACLU). Following the study, North Carolina passed a law entitled the â€Å"Racial Justice Act†. This piece of legislature made it possible for inmates to appeal their sentences due to supposed racial profiling. Since the passing of the law last year, there have been 4 successful appeals. The law doesn’t guarantee that the whole sentence will be reversed; however, it puts in place a system that allows for flaws in the length/severity of the sentence to be readdressed. The passing of the law as well as the MSU study prove that although there are more minorities being charged for crimes, the charges are of ill-willed intentions. In addition to undeserved charges, DNA testing has exonerated hundreds of people for crimes in which they were convicted over the past few years. When DNA testing became readily available to the criminal justice system, crucial flaws began to surface. It was realized that people were serving hard-time for felony crimes they didn’t commit. University of Virginia Law professor, Brandon Garrett, studied the first 200 people exonerated through said DNA testing. He compared the demographics of the exonerees concluding that â€Å"[Of] the innocent group, all male save one†¦71 percent were minorities. The vast majority of exonerated rape convicts (73 percent) were black or Hispanic, while studies show only about 37 percent of rape convicts are minorities.† (Wood). These hundreds of people are provide valid evidence supporting that, although people of color are being convicted of more crimes, they are also being cleared of said crimes. Racial ethnicity plays a large factor when it comes to being convicted of a crime. Oftentimes, a person of color is automatically assumed to be more likely of committing a crime than a Caucasian person. People of minority races are being targeted as criminals purely based on their looks rather than their guilt. Laws have been passed both for and against said issue, providing for a government that is facilitating racism. Racial profiling isn’t an act that would be thought of as happening in the 21st century, following the Civil Rights movement of the mid 1900’s. Despite the advancements in society, America’s criminal justice system hasn’t quite advanced so far. Works Cited Archibold, Randal. â€Å"Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on Immigration† NYtimes.com April 23, 2012. Web. New York Times January 30, 2013. Childress, Sarah. â€Å"Is There Racial Bias in ‘Stand your Ground’ Law?† PBS.org, July 31, 2012. Web. UNC-TV January 30, 2013 ACLU. â€Å"North Carolina Racial Justice Act† ACLU.org, December 17, 2012. Web. American Civil Liberties Union January 30, 2013 Wood, Mary. â€Å"Study of First 200 DNA Exonerations Shows Flawed Criminal System† law.virginia.edu, July 23, 2007. Web. University of Virginia February 2, 2013

Philosophy of Teaching Statement :: Educating Education Essays Teacher

Philosophy of Teaching Statement As a freshman in college, I was faced with one of the most important decisions of my life. I had to decide where I wanted my college education to go and what I wanted to become as an adult. My whole freshman year, I struggled to make a decision. My family encouraged me to major in business, because even if I didn’t like my job they felt that I could make a lot of money and have financial security. They didn’t feel like education was the right career for me. I felt like it was important for me to have a career that was emotionally fulfilling to me rather than having a career that I would make a lot of money. I have always enjoyed math; I took many extra math classes while I was in high school. I also wanted to become a teacher. Finally in the last few months of the year I came to a decision; I decided I wanted to become a math teacher and teach eighth grade math. So, I decided to pursue a degree in math and general science (5-9) Education. It was a hu ge relief to me when I finally decided to become a teacher; I feel very happy with the decision I have made. I want to make a positive difference in kids’ lives and I feel this is the best way for me to do that. No two students are alike so, you have to respond accordingly. Some students come to school to learn and make a life for themselves. Other students only come to school because it is a requirement. Teachers cannot expect to have only students who want to be in school. Teachers must use different teaching methods in order to make sure that all the students learn the material, which is where teaching philosophies come into play. In our education classes we are asked to think about the types of educational philosophies we will use in our classrooms to teach. My views on education philosophies are eclectic. I agree with essentialism, progressivism, and behaviorism. The core of a teacher is his or her beliefs and philosophies.

Pussy Riot

This group has approximately 11 members, with women ranging from age 20 to 33. This group's activities include staging unauthorized provocative performances in public places and then video taping them to post on the internet. These women protest with lyrical songs consisting of topics on feminism, LIGHT rights, opposition to the policies of the Russian President Vladimir Putting. They also make inks between Putting and the Russian Orthodox Church.Puss Riot is already a controversial group because they perform in Inappropriate places, but one specific performance at Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior threw these women overboard. Their actions were immediately stopped by church security guards and two of the group members were arrested and charged with â€Å"hooliganism motivated by religious hatred. † They were each sentenced to two years in prison. The trial for this case became exhausting and complicated very fast and retests were being held all over the world after the gr oup's sentence was announced.What is interesting about this documentary Is that, although this group Is a subculture and they are definitely going against many social norms by performing provocative unpleasant to hear songs about their beliefs, many people actually like and support them. However, others may consider this a disgusting act of pure deviance. Although this group of women may look more like a counterculture than a subculture, considering their appearance and vulgarity, they actually do not fall ender this category because they are not trying to hurt anyone.As said In the documentary, these women are nice people who Just want to express their beliefs. We all have beliefs and we all probably express them from time to time, but these women Just decided to express them In more of an Inappropriate, blunt, and passionate way that goes against the social norm. This still means that these women were deviant. They were deviant In the fact that they were going against the norm as well as In the fact that they were arrested and charged with hooliganism.

Compare and Contrast Science Fiction Short Story Unit

Many science fiction stories contain similar themes and ideas, but only two really caught my attention. As I read these stories I couldn’t help but notice the different themes that make them appealing. Although they both have different themes, characters and scenarios, they both seem to stay true to the make believe factor. Themes like vengeance, justice, love, pride, and honor seem to appear in these short stories. For me, justification seems to also be present, one justifies on the good for mankind and the other justifies vengeance. The short story Valhalla written by Gregory Benford, opens a passage to what if. In this science fiction story we have a man that looks just like Adolf Hitler. He materialized right when†¦show more content†¦At the end of the story Hitler’s wife Eva realized what was going and although she loved her husband, she knew there was no better option. Also in the story Valhalla metaphors are also present. When Hitler finally gave in an d started towards the blue corona the narrator describes â€Å"Hitler was partway through it now, moving in slow motion like a swimmer in deep water, as the tangled timelines wrapped around him, sucking him forward.†(pg 415, 102) This man’s desire for justice became apparent when he started to â€Å"savor† the image of Hitler turning, spinning in the crackling blue aura. He was so eager to pull the trigger and slip to the portal, he was so eager to hear Hitler scream. I think that the message that the author is trying to convey in this story is that justice is for all, unfortunately in this case it was science fiction. Wouldn’t it be nice to punish Hitler with a life of torture, a life he intently imposed on so many innocent lives? In Scanner’s Live In Vain, Martel, the protagonist lives with his wife. This brings me to my next theme love. As I read the story I couldn’t help feeling sorry for Martel. I could see that the author was trying to reach out to reader by creating such a character that loves and yet he isn’t capable of demonstrating it to his loved one. Scanners would only feel alive by cranking which was also a threat to them because it can cause them to goShow MoreRelatedThe Mom2180 Words   |  9 Pages |Lesson Unit Title:  Slaughterhouse Five/AP Test Blitz | |Stated Objectives: |Which subject-specific TEKS are going to be addressed in the lesson unit? | |TEKS Addressed in the Lesson | | |Unit |10Read MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesShakespeare’s Sonnets William Shakespeare The Sonnet Form A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambic pentameter—that is, in lines ten syllables long, with accents falling on every second syllable, as in: â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† The sonnet form first became popular during the Italian Renaissance, when the poet Petrarch published a sequence of love sonnets addressed to an idealized woman named Laura. Taking firm hold among Italian poets, the sonnetRead MorePioneers Trio of Indian English Fiction4480 Words   |  18 PagesPioneers of trio in Indian English fiction M. K. Naik, a renouned and scholarly Indian critic makes a comment while discussing the novel: â€Å"One of the most notable gifts of English education to India is prose fiction, for though India was probably the fountainhead of story-telling, the novel as we know today was an importation from the West.† Indian English literature originated as a necessary outcome of the introduction of English education in India under colonial rule. In recent years it hasRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesPlot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally related, especially in modern fiction. A major function of plot can be said to beRead MoreOrca Chief By Roy Henry Vickers And Robert Budd Essay1786 Words   |  8 Pagesshare and tell stories. Roy Henry Vickers, has a First Nation heritage of Tsimshian, Haida and Heiltsuk giving authenticity to this story and imagery. This forty page, hardcover text includes short paragraphs on the left page and vibrant illustrations of coastal life by Roy Vickers on the right pages, except for a large picture covering pages 25 and 26. The story takes place in a Kitkatla, a small Tsimshian village community in northern B.C., near the town of Prince Rupert. The story brings to lifeRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pagesgood art. In particular by familiarizing oneself with works of master artists. Over time, you will be able to assess for yourself what is good art and what is bad. It is also a good idea to receive formal instruction from a trained art teacher to cut short the learning curve. Ultimately, the key is to build a database of artistic knowledge and awareness for personal understanding. SOURCE: Basa, R., and Garcia F. (2008). Basic Elements of Humanities. Censen Books and Research Center Manila. TheRead MoreLiterature and Language10588 Words   |  43 Pagesstylistique francaise. The distinction between the French â€Å"stylistique† (with implications of a system of thought) and the English â€Å"stylistics† ( with the connotation of science) reflects the trends manifested in the grouping of bibliographies from the more narrowly focused view of stylistics in the 1960s, when computer science and generative grammar led many to hope for more precise ways of describing their impressions of style, to Bennett’ s bibliography which covers books published from 1967 toRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagess Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. To George Blin, Profesor at the Collà ¨ge de France, whithout whom none of these pages would have been started. CONTENTS A Note on the Translation by Bertrand Augst, ix PrefaceRead MoreLearning Vocabulary And Impacts Of Reading Essay10232 Words   |  41 Pagesresearcher reviews the literature from the past researches or opinions about the important of the learning vocabulary and impacts of reading and short story in the scope of language learning and teaching and also the relation between reading, short story and vocabulary learning. Theattention of this section especially is on reviewing of the impacts of the reading story on English, especially, vocabulary learning of the EFL learners. 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The Determinants Of Mutual Fund Growth In Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5742 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This study is actually about the mutual fund growth and the determinants which are influencing on the growth of these funds. We ask whether the growth of funds is influences by the management fee, family proportion and the expense ratio or not. How much these variables influenced the growth of funds. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Determinants Of Mutual Fund Growth In Pakistan" essay for you Create order We further check out the relation of the family assets and the return on the funds with the performance of the funds. Investors are paying the charges to control the funds and for the growth of the funds in the shape of management fee and the administrative charges. We study the behavior and the output of the funds from the duration of 2005-2009. We selected the funds which are listed in KSE. The funds are selected which are in the family proportions because of the nature of regression model which is used for the calculation of the effect of determinants on the growth of the funds. We use two models for the interpretation of the data. These are fixed effect model and cross section model. Through these models we elaborate the effects of different factors on the growth of these funds. We focus on the management fee for checking the efficiency of the funds management. Whether these are contributing in the growth of the funds or not, if not then these fee is only for the benefit of funds management INTRODUCTION In Pakistan the mutual fund industry handles a significant portion of the assets of individual investors. Basically there are many factors which can affects on the growth of the mutual fund. In these determinants of the mutual funds which can affect the growth of the mutual fund we are focusing on the management fee, the main focus is on the charging of the management fee and its impact on the growth. Whether it is beneficial for the growth or not? Along with this we are determining some other major determinants of which can influence on the growth of these funds in Pakistan. Compensation to managers is primarily in the form of a Management fee. With few exceptions, Management fees are charged as a percentage of the assets under management rather than on the basis of performance. It is therefore in the interest of management to grow the total assets in the fund and in the associated fund family. One tool that managers may use to grow funds is the Management fee. The fees, which are limited to1% to 3% per year as Management fee, are used to cover administrative costs. This paper studies whether or not the charging of a Management fee support the investors by growing the worth of mutual funds family along with that of some other determinants. Next we checked that the charging of Management fee leads to greater cash inflow for the funds which charge them. We focus on various mutual funds existing in the Karachi Stock Exchange and listed there, in order to control for the variety of commission payment schemes associated with management fee charging funds that are now available to shareholders and are in the group of families charging Management fee. LITERATURE REVIEW These are some of the review from the experts and the researchers. Academic opinion on mutual fund fees is generally critical. Bogle, points out that the average cost of owning mutual funds has risen over 100 percent in the last sixty years. Freeman and Brown contend mutual fund advisory fees alone are excessively high. In their view the mutual fund industry is dominated by conflicts of interest where the mutual fund boards fail to negotiate arms-length management contracts with asset managers. In their view asset managers are over compensated for the services that they provide. Similarly Ang, Chen and Lin argue that the primary benefit that managers can provide to the shareholders is the reduction of expenses. The reason is that management has more control over expenses than over any other aspect of the return to the shareholders. Therefore, if managers are not working to reduce expenses they are failing to carry out their primary duty to the shareholders. Golec found that fund managers are compensated primarily on the basis of a percentage of the assets under management. That compensation scheme provides fund managers with a strong incentive to grow fund assets regardless of the degree to which such growth is consistent with shareholder welfare. Collins, along with Livingston and ONeal (1998) and ONeal (1999) argue that some investors pay to receive professional investment advice and assistance in the purchase of mutual funds. Essentially they argue that brokers provide some combination of resolving asymmetric information for investors and providing a needed service in completing and maintaining the required records in order to complete the investing process. We closely examine the issue of whether brokers primarily resolve asymmetric information or primarily provide investors with record completion and maintenance services. One way to grow the assets is to well manage the fund by the fund management of that varies funds. Management fees provide a source of funds for controlling and managing the funds. Naim Sipra (2008) one of the interesting things to note is the low correlation between the funds and the market portfolio. In US studies the correlation between the market and mutual funds is often 0.9 or above. A high correlation with the market is an indication of a high degree of diversification. The low correlation in the Pakistani case suggests that the mutual funds are not doing a very good job of diversification. The low correlation and also the low betas are probably due to inclusion of fixed income securities such as the Term Finance Certificates (TFCs) in the portfolios of these funds. Since the composition of the funds is not publicly known therefore it is not possible to analyze this issue any further. Ali S M, Malik A S (2006) A Capital markets play a vital role in the economic development of a country. It is now widely accepted that there is a direct correlation between economic growth and the development of the fina ncial sector. Mutual funds are considered to be an important source of injecting liquidity into the capital markets. A well established financial intermediation system facilitates the economic activity by mobilizing domestic as well as foreign savings. Muhammad Akbar Saeed (2004) during the last two years, mutual fund sector has more than tripled in size to Rs. 112 billion (as of 31-Dec-04). The industry players are predicting that the business is likely to grow by 200 percent over the next five years. The success of the industry will lie in several factors, one of which will be the role of regulators and their efforts to continuously evolve the code of corporate governance for the mutual fund industry. Moeen Cheema and Sikandar A. shah (2006) Mutual funds are becoming vehicles of securities investments most favored by the general public worldwide. Whereas, this trend is more pronounced in the developed securities markets of the United States of America and Europe, mutual funds a re increasingly gaining the public attention in the developing economies as well. Pakistan is not an exception to this global trend and even though mutual funds form a comparatively small segment of the securities markets, they have grown phenomenally over the last few years. According to the Mutual Fund Association of Pakistan (MUFAP), whereas mutual funds may not shield investors from the risks associated with overall market failure, the ability to diversify that they provide may reassure public investors as regards the failure of individual companies and hence make them less wary of insider opportunism in any given corporation. We similarly consult some of the related articles for this purpose, which can be seen from the references. We also consult some of the conflicting matters with the course instructor. In summary, Management fee is basically for the controlling of the mutual funds and for the growing purpose of the funds. But is it working well for the growth of the mutua l funds which funds are being charging this fee. HYPOTHESES AND METHODOLOGY This paper studies whether the shareholders income and their wealth increase from the growth of the mutual funds through the charging of Management fees. The main focus on the Management Fee but there are some other determinants like family proportion, expense ratio, return through sharp ratio and assets turnover in that specific duration which we selected for the research purpose. There are a number of ways in which investors could enjoy by the growing of wealth from funds which charge this fee. Since the fee is used for administrative expenses. It could aid investors by making them aware of high quality managed funds that might otherwise be invisible to them. There are several possible examples of funds where this might apply. First, funds charging this management fee lead the higher total returns. Funds with greater total returns would benefit investors in that, if the superior performance was persistent, investors would have a higher terminal wealth from investing in these f unds than they would have from investing in other funds. A fee showing the existence superior total returns would be of great of interest to investors. The null hypothesis: Ho: There is no difference between the total returns of mutual funds that charge the Management fee and those that do not charge the Management fee will be tested. Second, the Management fee might be a signal to investors of a greater risk adjusted rate of return. A greater risk adjusted return would imply that investors could earn superior returns with less chance of loss with respect to other portfolios offering the same level of return. The second null hypothesis to be tested is: Ho: There is no difference in risk adjusted returns between the risk adjusted return of mutual funds that charge the Management fee and those that do not charge the Management fee. 2nd hypothesis will be tested using Sharpe Ratio. It needs to be noted that these null hypotheses could be rejected either because the funds charging the Management fee over perform or because they under perform. If there is persistent over performance, the over performance is in the interest of the investors. However, persistent under performance would mean that the fee being paid by the investors is being used to let them know that these mutual funds are not performing well that will leave the investors with less terminal wealth. Such a result would be consistent with the view that Management fees are inconsistent with shareholders income growth. Third, the funds charging the Management fee could be the funds that have lower expense ratios. The numerator of the expense ratio includes all of the operating costs of managing the fund; including the management fee and other administrative costs as well as all the expenses. It may be that after the Management fee is removed from the expense ratio the fund has lower expenses than other funds. Such a result would support the idea that the fee itself is merely a substitute for other costs and that the investor in such a fund is no worse off, and could be better off than the investor in a fund that does not have the fee. The null hypothesis to be tested is: Ho: There is no difference of the expense ratios of the funds on the growth of the mutual funds. 3rd hypothesis will be tested after subtracting the Management fee from the expense ratio. The null hypothesis could be rejected because the funds charging the fee have lower expense ratios or because the funds charging the fee have greater expense ratios. In the first case the management fee would be in the interests of shareholders and in the second case the fee would not be in the interests of shareholders. If it is found that the management fee is not supporting the growth of the mutual funds of shareholders, the other alternative is that the fee is in the favor of the fund management. It would be in the interest of fund management to charge the management fee if the existence of the fee le d to faster asset growth than could otherwise be expected. Management desires faster asset growth because of the manner in which management is compensated. Fourth, managers might be using management fees to grow funds more rapidly than they would otherwise be growing. The growth of the fund from time t to t+1 is defined as: Gi = (Assetst Assetst -1(1+R))/Assetst -1 (1)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Equation Where Gi is the growth rate in the assets under management by fund i from time t-1 to time t. Assetst are the net assets under management at time t. Since the assets under management may grow either due to new sales or returns, equation 1 eliminates the growth that is due to returns. For all of the funds in the study, the management fee is based on the net assets under management which may provide a managerial incentive to grow the fund as rapidly as possible. Ho: The growth rate of mutual funds that charge management fee is higher as compare to the funds which are not charging the fee. We will test whether the funds that charge the fees actually are growing faster using a regression model that controls for risk adjusted return, asset turnover rate, the relative size of the mutual fund within a family of funds, the expense ratio of the fund other than the management fee and the level of the management fee. Gi = ÃŽÂ ² 0 + ÃŽÂ ² 1RARi + ÃŽÂ ² 2ATi + ÃŽÂ ² 3ASSETi + ÃŽÂ ² 4FAMPROi + ÃŽÂ ² 5ERi + ÃŽÂ ² 6FEEi + ÃŽÂ ² i à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2) Equation Gi is the growth due to new investment in funds i from previous year t to current year t+1. Growth is defined by equation 1. This sign (?) Measures the sensitivity of the growth rate of the mutual fund to the specified factor in each case. An expected positive sign means that the growth rate is expected to respond positively to increases in the variable. An expected negative sign means that the growth rate is expected to respond negatively to increases in the variable. T he expected sign is specified for each of the control variables. RARi is the risk adjusted returns on fund i from year t to t+1, estimated by using the Sharpe Ratio. In accordance with past findings, this control variable is hypothesized to have a positive sign and does take a positive sign. ATi is the asset turnover for fund i which is measured through the formula of Net Income divided by the Total Assets. Turnover is a measure of investing activity. The greater the turnover, the greater the cost of operating the fund. Holding all else equal, the greater the cost of operating the fund the lower the growth in the fund. This variable is hypothesized to have a negative sign and does have a negative sign. ASSETi is the total assets of fund i at time t. The larger a fund, generally, the older the fund is so that assets serve as a proxy for the age of the fund. The older a fund, the more well known the fund is to the investing public and the easier it will be to sell the fund. A ssets are expected to and do have a positive relation with growth. FAMPROi is the proportion of the mutual fund family assets made up by fund i. The larger the proportion of the family assets in the fund the slower will be the growth, as management efforts will be directed primarily at the newer, smaller funds. This variable is expected to have a negative sign and generally has a negative sign. ERi is the expense ratio of fund i , less the management fee from all the expenses. The expense ratio includes all of the costs that the management company charges to the fund including the management fee, trading costs, and any other expenses. Since the purpose of the test is to isolate the effect of the management fee, that fee is subtracted from the expense ratio. The greater the expense ratio, the lower the growth. Investors should prefer a lower cost fund to a higher cost fund. The variable generally has the expected negative sign. FEEi is the level of the Management fee. For th e vast majority of the funds in the study, this variable will be charged by 1% to 3%. It is expected that the null hypothesis will be rejected and that this variable will have a positive sign which is generally the case. The regression model (Equation 2) is estimated on an annual basis for the years 2004 through 2009 for all funds that have all required data available. Equity and fixed income funds are examined separately. A positive and significant sign on the FEE variable will lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis and will be consistent with the idea that the Management fee is used by management to increase growth in assets. There are two economic rationales that apply to the imposition of the Management fee on mutual fund investors. The first is that investors are the primary beneficiaries. The second is that fund management is the primary beneficiary of the fee. The major contribution of this paper is to determine whether the facts are more consistent with the investo rs or the managers being the beneficiaries for mutual funds. THE DATA All of the data are taken for the years 2004 through 2009. Since 2004 is the first year and lagged data is needed, the results are presented for all funds for which all data was available for 2005 through 2009. The data are summarized in the table form and data is regarding the equity funds. As far as the collection of the data is concerned so we consult many sources for the collection of the data. Mainly we collect it from KSE. From where the full data was not available and after that we consult the Business recorder, Statistical Bulletin of Pakistan [Federal Bureau of Statistics (2005)] for 2005-2009 and SBP for the collection of the financial reports and the kibor rates. The net asset values are collected from the KSE as well as from Brecorder. The data available in the form of tables and excel sheet which is attach along with this article. Mainly we collect the data of the equity mutual funds. Our focus was on most commonly known mutual funds of the Pakistan market. We selected almost 21 mutual funds from the KSE available sources but because of the running of Regression Model, for which we need only the family funds which are in the form of groups. We neglect the individual funds because of the family proportion concern. So now the data available is of 13 mutual funds which are in the form of family. From that we could generate the family proportion of the mutual funds assets. Because the amount of the data was less for five years so we take the data in the panel form representing through panel EGLS. RESULTS These are some of the results which we conclude from the help of the CROSS SECTION MODEL FIXED EFFECT MODEL. In econometrics and statistics, a fixed effects model is a statistical model that represents the observed quantities in terms of explanatory variables that are all treated as if those quantities were non-random. This is in contrast to random effects models and mixed models in which either all or some of the explanatory variables are treated as if they arise from the random causes. Often the same structure of model, which is usually a linear regression model, can be treated as any of the three types depending on the analysts viewpoint, although there may be a natural choice in any given situation. In panel data analysis, the term fixed effects estimator (also known as the within estimator) is used to refer to an estimator for the coefficients in the regression model. If we assume fixed effects, we impose time independent effects for each entity that are possibly correlate d with the regressors. The major attraction of fixed effects methods in non-experimental research is the ability to control for all stable characteristics of the individuals in the study, thereby eliminating potentially large sources of bias. Within-subject comparisons have also been popular in certain kinds of designed experiments known as changeover or crossover designs (Senn 1993). In these designs, subjects receive different treatments at different times, and a response variable is measured for each treatment. Ideally, the order in which the treatments are received is randomized. The objective of the crossover design is not primarily to reduce bias, but to reduce sampling variability and hence produce more powerful tests of hypotheses. Fixed effects methods cannot estimate coefficients for variables that have no within-subject variation Time-series cross-section (TSCS) data harness both cross-temporal and cross spatial variation to maximize empirical leverage for theory ev aluation. However, this powerful data structure also requires careful consideration of temporal and spatial (cross-unit) heterogeneity, temporal and spatial dynamic processes, and potentially complex stochastic error structures. In the table 1 which is descriptive table and that is showing the mean, median and standard deviation as well. As it is clear and shows from the descriptive table that the sharp ratio, which is basically the return calculation through the sharp measure, is the negative impact on the growth of the mutual fund. As you will increase the return on the funds or the return increases over the amount of the funds the impact of it is negative on the growth of the mutual fund. Similarly the coefficient of this sharp ratio is also negative impact on the growth of the mutual funds. Now secondly, the asset turnover showing, the mean in the descriptive table representing the negative value which means that if the asset turnover will be negative so it can reduce the gro wth of the mutual funds. Assets are in the positive form and they show that if the asset of the fund increases so it means that the impact of this on the growth of the fund is positive and it contribute in the growth of the mutual fund. The family proportion of the mutual fund should have the positive impact on the growth of the mutual fund and in the table 1 of the descriptive result, the result of this is positive so it means that the family proportion increasing in this which is the positively impacting on the growth. Expense ratio is resulting negatively on the growth of the funds, and the management fee which is the basic testing of this is also showing the negative impact on the growth of the mutual funds in Pakistan. TABLE NO. 1 Descriptive Analysis GR SR AT ASSET FP ER FEE MEAN 3.989 -1.096 -0.008 2633207 0.365 1.262 54455166 MEDIAN 0.005 -0.540 0.010 1435134 0.410 1.260 38342000 MAX. 63.590 2.290 0.450 14193216 1.000 10.900 2.49708 MIN. -27.660 -5.010 -1.070 0.00000 0.000 0.000 0.00000 STD. DEV 12.763 1.470 0.272 3060791 0.255 1.644 53774795 SKEW. 2.134 -0.946 -1.834 1.951847 0.187 4.008 1.599424 PROB. 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.0000 0.729 0.000 0.0000 SUM 259.290 -71.278 -0.525 1.71608 23.400 82.060 3.54709 OBS. 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 TABLE NO. 2 Correlation Matrix DETERMINANTS GR SR AT ASSETS FP ER FEE GR 1.000 -0.269 -0.578 -0.163 0.062 0.100 -0.146 SR -0.269 1.000 0.360 0.124 0.174 -0.186 0.132 AT -0.578 0.306 1.000 0.139 0.071 -0.403 0.125 ASSETS -0.163 0.123 0.193 1.000 0.503 0.084 0.972 FP 0.061 0.174 0.071 0.503 1.000 0.270 0.538 ER 0.100 -0.187 -0.403 0.084 0.270 1.000 0.058 FEE -0.146 0.133 0.125 0.972 0.538 0.058 1.000 Now further according to the table 3 which is Fixed Effect Model, we design a panel least squares method in this model for the calculation of the data, in that the sharp ratio is resulting in the negative form and show the result that as the return on the mutual funds increases the growth effected negatively. The coefficient of the sharp ratio is negative and the result is showing significance, which is acceptable. After that assets turnover of it is in negative figure which shows a negative impact on the growth and the prob. Is significance we are keeping the level of the significance here is 0.10. The coefficient of the family proportion is positive thats good for the growth of the mutual fund but it is not significance because the prob. is higher than the level of significance. The expense ratio is showing the negative result, which means that the increase of the expense ratio is a negative impact on the growth of t he mutual funds. Its coefficient value is negative and the value is significant according to the fixed effect model. Now comes the management fee, according to this model the management fee is resulting in the positive value for the fund, that means that the funds that using the Management fee are contributing in the better growth of the fund because the coefficient value is positive but according to this model the fee is not significant here, the result is that the funds charging the fee can make the funds growing as compare to the funds that are not charging the management fee. The factor we assume here that the management fee effect positively for the growth of the funds but because of the political instability and the country economic situation it is not resulting good in the growth of the mutual funds in Pakistan. Lastly according to this model, value of Lassets is positive and the significant level is good which shows the Lassets significant. We take the assets here despite of the assets because of the mismatch and not the proper results from the assets. So it is impacting positively on the growth of the mutual fund. If it increases the mutual fund growth will increase. TABLE NO. 3 Fixed Effect Model Dependent Variable: GR Method: Panel Least Squares Sample: 2005-2009 Total panel (unbalanced) observations: 64 Cross-sections included: 13 DETERMINANTS COEFFICIENT STD. ERROR T-STATISTICS PROB. SR -3.772 1.532 -2.462 0.018 AT -24.784 7.253 -3.417 0.001 LASSET 0.447 0.155 2.878 0.006 FP 4.932 9.653 0.512 0.612 ER -2.250 1.054 -2.135 0.038 FEE 1.637 1.427 1.144 0.258 CONSTANT -1.456 4.251 -0.343 0.734 EFFECTS SPECIFICATIONS CROSS-SECTION FIXED (DUMMY VARIABLES) PERIOD FIXED (DUMMY VARIABLES) ADJUSTIFIED R-SQUARED 0.438 MEAN.DEP BAR 4.051 S.E OF REGRESSION 9.639 S.D. DEP BAR 12.859 SUM SQUARED RESID 3810.045 SCHWARZ CRITERION 8.418 LONG LIKELIHOOD -221.580 F-STAT. 3.227 DURBINà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"WATSON STAT 1.896 PROB F-STAT 0.000 In table 4 and 5, we use the CROSS SECTION MODEL (cross section random effects cross section weights), according to both of these methods the calculations are same, the coefficient values and the significant are same. The assets turnover is showing the negative value which shows according to it that the more assets turnover can impact the growth of the mutual funds and the value is significant in both methods as well as in the fixed effect model. The value of the sharp ratio means the return of the mutual fund is showing coefficient negative in the random effect method that means that the increase of the return value can effect the growth negatively and growth is less when this return value is high while the value is significant which means it is good for the growth of the mutual fund and same value is showing in the fixed effect method. But in the cross section weights method the value of the return is positive and it is not significant there. So it shows here a that the higher return impact the mutual fund growth positively means higher the return higher the growth of the mutual fund nut it is nit the case here. Family proportion of the mutual funds according to the both methods says that the results are showing positive relationship in the growth of the funds and the higher the family proportion. The values are significant according to the probability measures. Expense ratio according to both of these models reflects the results that expense ratio is impacting the growth of the funds negatively. Means as the ratio of the expense increase the growth is going to be less for the mutual funds. The coefficient value of the expense ratio is in negative value and the value in both the methods shows that this is significant. As far as the Management fee is concerned here so according to the both methods the management fee is impacting on the growth inversely. The coefficient value in both the cases is negative means if the management fee is charged by th e mutual fund management so the growth is less than if they dont charge the management fee. And the value is significant in both the methods. So it is clear from now that according to the Cross Section Model the impact of the management fee is negative on the growth of the mutual funds. The management who is charging the management fee their growth of the mutual funds is less and downward. TABLE NO. 4 Cross Section Weights Dependent Variable: GR Method: Panel EGLS (Cross Section Weights) Sample: 2005-2009 Total panel (unbalanced) observations: 54 Cross-sections included: 13 Linear Estimation after One-Step Weighting Matrix VARIABLE COEFFICIENT STD.ERROR T-STAT PROB SR 0.439 0.825 0.532 0.596 AT -32.916 3.815 -8.628 0.000 FP 4.404 3.353 2.506 0.016 ER -2.032 0.719 -2.825 0.006 FEE -5.297 1.997 -2.665 0.010 LASSET 0.447 0.155 2.877 0.006 WEIGHTED STATISTICS R-SQUARED 0.788 MEAN DEPENDENT VAR 7.211 ADJ. R-SQRD 0.766 S.D. DEPENDENT VAR 20.513 S.E. OF REG 9.905 SUM SQUARED RESID 4709.255 DURBIN-WATSON STAT 1.785 UN-WEIGHTED STATISTICS R-SQUARED 0.396 MEAN DEPENDENT VAR 4.801 SUM SQUARED RESID 6164.67 DURBIN-WATSON STAT 1.521 TABLE NO. 5 Cross Section Random Effect Model Dependent Variable: GR Method: Panel EGLS (Cross-Section random Weights) Sample: 2005-2009 Total panel (unbalanced) observations: 64 Cross-sections included: 13 Swamy and Arora estimator of component variances VARIABLE COEFFICIENT STD.ERROR T-STAT PROB CONSTANT 1.663 2.777 0.599 0.551 SR -1.435 0.972 -1.876 0.952 AT -29.005 5.104 -5.682 0.000 FP 13.775 6.468 2.129 0.037 ER -2.021 0.866 -2.134 0.023 FEE -3.497 2.877 -1.217 0.228 EFFECTS SPECIFICATIONS S.D RHO CROSS SECTION RANDON 3.045 0.096 IDIOSYNCRATIC 9.345 0.904 WEIGHTED STATISTICS R-SQUARED 0.432 MEAN DEPENDENT VAR 3.287 ADJ. R-SQRD 0.384 S.D. DEPENDENT VAR 12.429 S.E. OF REG 9.758 SUM SQUARED RESID 5522.350 F-STATISTICS 8.844 DURBIN-WATSON STAT 1.533 PROB (F-STAT) 0.000 UN-WEIGHTED STATISTICS R-SQUARED 0.416 MEAN DEPENDENT VAR 4.051 SUM SQUARED RESID 6076.710 DURBIN-WATSON STAT 1.432 So these are the results from the use of the two different models for the testing of the variables and the impact of the determinants on the growth of the mutual funds. As far as the results are concern so it is clear that in most on the factors like the assets turn over, expense ratio, family proportion and assets the results are same in both the methods. But the concern is from the sharp ratio means the returns on the funds is some little bit difference. According to both the methods the results are same for the return but in the cross section model in which two methods were drawn and only the sharp ratio returns are varying there. In management fee the results are totally different for both of the cases. For the confirmation of the results, all the outcomes and the results are in accordance with the study of Mr. Richard J. Dowen, Thomas Mann (2007). CONCLUSION The basic duty of the management of any firm and the company is to maximize the business and the wealth of the share holders as well as the sustainability of the owners of the company. The management of the mutual funds is charging the management fee for this purpose. The management fee according to them is for the efficient control of the management for the growth of the mutual fund. The study of this article reveals the working and the growth regarding the mutual funds family. The growth of the mutual fund which we examine here is based on the determinants which are effecting the growth of the funds family. According to the result the mutual fund growth is dependant on the negative and the positive impacts of these determinants. We work through two models for the measurement of growth which are fixed effect model and the cross section model. Let us conclude here that most of the results draw by these models is same except of some factors which are the basic theme of this study. The impact of the asset turnover, expense ratio and the return on the investment which is calculated through the sharp ratio has a negative impact on the growth of the mutual funds. It is clear that the increases in the value of these factors cause the less growth of the funds and effect downward the growth of the mutual funds. Whether the factor of the family proportion is impacting and effecting positively on the growth of the mutual funds. As the value or the ratio of the family proportion increases it shows the sign that the growth of the mutual funds increase. Now finally the impact of the mutual fund management fee towards the growth of the mutual fund that to which extent this fee contribute in the growth of the mutual fund. According to the both models, the management fee is resulting differently. In the cross section model the management fee is impacting negatively which is the constraint of this study. Management fee is charging by the funds management is contributing less in the growth. So the cross section model shows that as more and high the fee is charged by the management the less will be the growth of the mutual funds. Secondly the fixed effect model reflects the result that the management fee is contributing to the much growth of the mutual funds as promised by their management advisors. It reflect that the management who is charging the much fee showing and keeping the mutual fund firm towards the high growth of the fund. In the end, the hypothesis results are drawn which were design for the checking of the performance of the fund. As per the calculation of the results the first hypothesis is rejected because the return of the mutual funds is different for the funds that charge the fee and th at not charging the fee. So the first hypothesis is rejected. The second hypothesis is also rejected that the risk adjusted return is same for the funds that charging the fee and on the growth of the funds. Because fro the both models it is clear that the risk adjusted return calculated from the sharp ratio is effecting negatively on the growth of the funds. If return is high so the chances of the less growth is higher. If return is less so chances of the growth is much growth is higher. The third hypothesis is also rejected because the expense ratio can effect the growth of the mutual fund. If the ratio is higher so the growth will be lesser and if the ratio is less the growth of the funds will move towards upwards. According to calculations and from the results of both models, expense ratio has positive impact on the growth of the funds. Lesser the ratio higher will be growth of the mutual funds. Finally the last hypothesis, by applying two models namely cross section model and fixed effect model. As per the results of fixed effects model the value is significant which shows that the funds which charging the fee has higher growth rate and performing well. So the hypothesis will be accepted from fixed effects model. Results of the cross section model reflect that the value is insignificant and growth is effected by management fee. If the management charges fee then their growth will be effected negatively. So from cross section model hypothesis will be rejected.