Communication and Different Reasons

SHC21 Introduction to communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings. Outcome 1: 1. Identify different reasons why people communicate. People communicate for lots of different reasons some of these are these are to build and maintain relationships i. e family, parenting and community relationships. Communication is used by people to conduct business and commerce, people also communicate to learn and educate. Communication is also used for pleasure for e. . story telling, film, music and theatre it is also necessary for emotional intimacy. 2. Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of own work Effective communication helps us to exchange all information within the working environment, it helps us express are feelings/emotions and how we feel when working in certain situations. Using effective communication can help you get positive messages across when needed and can also help create a good atmosphere. 3. Similar article: Show How and When to Seek Advice About CommunicationExplain why it is important to observe an individual’s reactions when communicating It is important to observe individuals reactions when communicating as it helps give you feedback on how they are reacting to the information being giving to them it can also help you get a clearer understanding of what communication skill they are comfortable using and what communication skills they understand. Outcome 2: 1. Find out an individual’s communication and language needs, wishes, and preferences 2. Show how and when to seek advice about communicationWhile working at the nursery if I came across a situation with one of the children, e. g. they speak a different language, I would ask a higher member of staff what communication skills I could use that would help the child understand or if there are any key words in his/hers language I could use when communicating with them. I would also approach the parents and ask if there are any words they would like me to learn to help make the child more comfortable when communicating with me. Outcome 3: 1. Identify barriers to communicationThere are many different barriers that you can come across when communicating here are a few examples: Language: English may not be someone’s first language so you must take into consideration other ways of communicating with this individual. Noise: various things can stop a message from getting heard e. g. background noise, distraction or too many people talking. Distracting gestures: Fidgeting with pens, fingers or making inappropriate gestures can help create a barrier in communication as it can be distracting to the individual you are communicating with.Eye contact: Lack of eye contact can make an individual feel as if your not interested or not paying attention, it could make them feel awkward and not want to continue the conversation. 2. Identify sources of information and support or services to enabl e more effective communication Outcome 4: 1. Explain the term confidentiality There are different types of confidentiality and different examples but the main definition of confidentiality is: Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information. . Describe situations where information normally considered to be confidential might need to be passed on If a child in the care of the nursery shows signs of any kind of abuse this could be sexually, physically or mentally, as carers of these children we have the right to pass this information on to higher members of staff or to possibly notify social services therefore we would need to pass on the child’s personal information if it is requested in this type of situation. 3. Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentialityA care worker should get advice about confidentiality when a situation arises and they feel it may need to be broken as keeping such info rmation to yourself causes you concern as it could result in harm to the person you are supporting or to someone else. To get further information refer to your organisations policy on confidentiality and the disclosure of such information and if in any doubt ask your manager for further assistance. The only time you seek advice when a child has spoken to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for e. g. if the child is being sexually abused, physically abused etc.

History of gambling Essay

?In modern day America, gambling is seen everywhere. Whether it is gambling on a sporting event, a horse race, a game of cards, or any other event, it is seen as a common practice among many American citizens. The most popular place for one to gamble is a casino. There are many casinos throughout the country, and despite the many critics of such venues, these casinos are here to stay for quite some time to come. Starting in 1931, Nevada took control of the casino gambling market and held a monopoly within this industry. It was the first state to have legalized commercial casino gambling, and it was the only state to have such legislation until 1976 (Morse, Goss 13-14). During the 1950’s, Las Vegas started to develop rapidly, opening many casinos within the city. Throughout the 1960’s most of these top-end casinos were purchased by Howard Hughes, which led to an ending of organized crime in the Las Vegas area. Corporations then began building and purchasing casino properties. The profitability of such properties made entering the casino industry quite attractive. This was the beginning of the transition of casinos from a simple form of gaming to a legitimate business (History of US Gambling). In 1976, commercial casino gaming was legalized in New Jersey, and Atlantic City began to thrive in ways similar to Las Vegas. This was the outcome that was hoped for, because it was done in an effort to revitalize Atlantic City. Casinos started to be built in Atlantic City, and a popular location for these casinos was the city boardwalk, along with in the marina district (Morse, Goss 14). More than a decade later, several states began to legalize commercial casino gambling. There are currently fifty-seven counties in the United States that allow commercial casino gambling. In states other than Nevada, a good majority of commercial casino gaming takes place adjacent to a river or some form of a body of water that creates a geographic border dividing states. This promotes the idea of riverboat gambling, along with the competition between each state and their neighbors for their gambling supporters (Morse, Goss 14-15). Soon after the rapid expansion of legal gambling locations throughout the country, tribal casino gambling became an important part of today’s casino industry. Tribal casino gambling is a practice that came to place after the 1987 Supreme Court decision in California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians. This case determined that the state of California did not have the proper authority to use its regulatory statutes for the gambling activities that took place on Indian reservations. The only institution that had complete authority over the issue was the federal government; therefore congressional authorization was necessary for state power to enact regulations. In 1988, Congress responded by passing and enacting the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). This was done for the purpose of balancing both the interests of the states and those tribes that resided within them (Morse, Goss 18-19). There were many policy goals that the IGRA aimed to accomplish. The first was to promote economic development and self-sufficiency amongst tribes. The second goal was to create a regulatory base that protected Indian gaming from organized crime, to make sure that the only beneficiary of the gaming operations is the tribe itself, and to ensure that the gaming operations are both fair and honest. The final goal was to establish an organization that would assist in these purposes, thus the creation of the National Indian Gaming Commission. Basically, the IGRA allowed tribes the right to build and run gaming facilities, or casinos, on their reservations to the same extent as the gaming allowed by state law (Morse, Goss 19). Tribal gaming has proven to be quite beneficial for Indian tribes in the United States. The tribes that have benefited the most are those that have exclusive rights to owning and operating casinos within their state. That means that specific states have an agreement with the tribes in their state that there will not be any commercial casinos within the state, just tribal casinos on tribal territory. This creates endless opportunities for tribal members, allowing them to generate large revenues and provide jobs for many members of their tribe (Morse, Goss 20-21). More recently, a new type of casino has emerged quickly into the gambling business, that being racetrack casinos, or racinos. These casinos are essentially a horse-racing track, along with many other casino features, such as slot machines, video gambling terminals, card tables, etc. This brings in a diverse crowd of people, for a lot of people only like to gamble on live racing events. It also helps states contain gaming expansion to their current racing grounds, and the economic benefits have quite a positive effect for the state (Morse, Goss 22). Each type of casino benefits the state in different ways. By a slight margin, there are more commercial casinos in the United States than tribal casinos, but tribal casinos are being built more rapidly (192 built between 2004-2007, as opposed to 175 commercial casinos built), so it is expected they will pass up commercial casinos in the near future. States benefit most from commercial casinos, receiving on average 16. 4% of revenues, as opposed to just 6. 1% of revenue from the tribal casinos (Morse, Goss 23). One factor that has led to major success for casinos in the United States is the great amount of promotion and advertising. The average casino spends 2. 5% of all revenues on promotion and advertising, which is a heavy amount compared to many other business industries. Throughout the years of the existence of legalized gambling, casinos have been figuring out the secret to generating the highest possible revenue, and that is through promotion. Promotions for casinos originally started out pretty basic, offering a patron a free bet if they come to the casino, or a free drink or meal. With the addition of hotels to many casinos, casinos began offering free night stays to customers, and sometimes even free transportation both to and from the casino for the time of their stay. Since then, there has been such an intense competition between casinos to attract gamblers to their establishment, so more and more promotions started to come into place and be offered by casinos around the country (Morse, Goss 27-28). Some casinos found their best strategy was to pay their patrons to play. This came in either the form of simply handing the patron money upon walking in the door (usually between 5-$20, but sometimes upwards of $100), or paying the person for the amount of time they spent in the casino. This is done by activating a â€Å"player card†, and every time that player sits down to play a game, they scan their card at that station and the system keeps track of how much time the player has spent gambling. Their account is then credited with however much money they earned during their time spent at the casino (Ogwyn). Competition between casinos continued to grow every year, and still does to this day. Promotions have become a necessity in order for a casino to succeed, and many amenities have become expected by patrons upon entering a casino. For one, soft drinks are expected to be complimentary at every casino. Many casinos have waiters and waitresses walking around taking orders, so there is a convenience of receiving a soft drink without needing to get up from your chair. It is seen as courteous to tip the servers, and is also seen as good karma for the gambling that is done after. The most intense promotion competitions take place in the major casino markets. Harrah’s is a major casino corporation, and it is one of the highest spenders when it comes to promotions. In 2005, it initiated possibly the biggest promotion in casino history, and that was the $1,000,000 Treasure Hunt. To partake in the hunt, customers had to go to one of the many Harrah’s Casino locations in the country, and depending how much time the customer spent at the casino, they earned an entry (or multiple entries, depending on the frequency of visits) into the contest. These entries represented an opportunity to partake in the actual treasure hunt, which took place in Las Vegas on November 10, 2005. A treasure chest containing $1,000,000 was placed in a remote desert location, and whoever found it first kept it all. This created an uproar of hype for Harrah’s Casinos, and has helped increase revenues in the following years since as well. Many other casinos learned from that, and started similar promotions to help boost their own revenues. This is a good example of how casinos have been learning from each other throughout time, and adjusting quickly to whatever is necessary for maximum business. The bottom line when it comes to casino promotions: do whatever it takes to get customers through the door; revenues will generate from there (Morse, Goss 28). Many studies have been done to find the effect of legalized casino gambling in an area on the residents who reside in that area. A study done by Morse and Goss in 2005 had surprising results, finding that counties that legalized casino gambling experienced lower personal bankruptcy rates in the first several years of having a casino operating in the county. After those years, however, it was found that the personal bankruptcy rates began to rise, eventually becoming higher than the rates from before the legalization of casino gambling (Morse, Goss 53). Casinos have been growing and expanding ever since their first existence. It is a unique industry in that, unlike many other large industries, it is not that crucial to focus on cutting costs, while instead it is best to just focus on generating revenues. As said before, this industry has a history of experiencing great success, and it is only getting greater and greater each year. Looking at some statistics from 1998-2003 is a good way to show an example of this growth; the average number of employees for stand-alone casinos in the United States went from 201 in 1998 to 265 in 2003, and in casino hotels it grew from 988 to 1,208 employees. Average pay for these employees grew as well. In 1998, stand-alone casino employees earned on average $21,700 a year, while in 2003 they earned $25,100 a year. It was a similar jump in salary for casino hotel employees, going from earning on average $23,700 a year to $26,100 a year (Morse, Goss 55). Today, the United States has an incredibly large market for casino gambling. There was an estimated 147 billion U. S. dollars in global revenue from casino gaming, and 60 billion of those dollars was from United States gambling. In the twenty states with legalized commercial gambling, there are about 450 commercial casinos in the United States (CASINO GAMBLING HISTORY). Gambling has been around since the beginning of United States history, and the creation and expansion of gambling centers that we call casinos has led to many opportunities for both growth and decline for citizens in this country. Whether viewed as positive or negative, casinos are here to stay for some time.

Social Entrepreneurism Module WA1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Entrepreneurism Module WA1 - Coursework Example Model 2 enterprises- These are nonprofitorganizations that realize their funding from the surrounding environment and the business community. They operate to ensure a sustainable social value at the same time minimizing costs. Model 3 enterprises- these are social organizations that depend entirely on private business funds. They operate as a business with their returns going to the investors (Dees, Emerson & Economy, 2002). Value evaluation – these are the assessment activities carried out the business enterprises to come up with facts that help in decision making in the organization or assist the evaluators in generating periodic reports. Value evaluation involves assessment of issues such as the number of clients served over a certain period, the impact of the organization to the society and the environment and the level of customer satisfaction. Strategic service vision- These are the goals and targets set by the organization’s management to be achieved after a set duration of time e.g. by the end of the financial period. Strategic service vision helps the management come up with the organizations objectives, missions and vision Operating services strategy- these are the strategic plans and procedures laid by an organization on their daily operations. Different organizations have different service strategies depending on the products or services they provide. Operating service strategies are important in helping the organization realize its goals, missions and objectives. Examples of operating service strategies may include maintaining their customers by getting their contacts and following up on their progress or ensuring a clean, tidy environment and maintaining proper hygienic standards to portray a good image of the organization. The activities of value evaluation provide the facts and information required in decision making by the management.

Link Between Biology and Criminology Research Paper

Link Between Biology and Criminology - Research Paper Example This does not imply that criminologist should not rely on biology as a tool for explaining criminal behavior. Biology is a science that explains human physiology and therefore, it has a chance in human behavior, which incorporates criminology. Nature vs. Nature Most biological theories of criminology rely on hereditary factors as the main source of criminal behavior. Such theories associate social changes and human behavior on genes, which define the relationship between parents and their children. According to Earnest, there is a clear difference between evolution and genetics (2007). Genetics deals with hereditary traits that characterize an individual while evolution focus on the wider scope of changes taking place in the society due to interaction with the societal environment. On the other hand, criminologists focus on criminal behavior or factors that make people to have criminal minds. Evolution and genetic theories are critical elements that link biology and criminology. Acco rding to evolution theories, criminal behavior can be viewed as a form of adaptation. On the other hand, genetic theories associate the presence of an extra Y chromosome among male with crime and criminal activities. Biologists also rely on the formation of the skull to explain criminal behavior among people. The mental state of an individual is also another factor that biologist use to explain criminal behavior. ... Most serial killers have been found to be quiet and introverted types of individuals. Mental abnormality or insanity that is responsible for criminal behavior cannot be detected through ordinary sanity tests such as the Durham and Brawner rules. There is concrete evidence that genes, which are encoded or defined by the DNA, determine certain traits such as skin color. Biologists have extended hereditary factors to include other abstract human traits such as aggression, sexual orientation, and personality. Nature vs. nature debate considers the existence of behavior genes, which influences people’s behaviors including criminality. Nature vs. nature debate is been ruled out as a source of criminal behavior for fear that people will use the theories to justify their criminality. The other controversial phenomenon related to the nature vs. nature debate is the dilemma of fraternal twins. According to the nature vs. nature debate, fraternal twins would have similar characteristics if environment does not play a role in shaping their behavior (Walsh, 2002). Thus, any pair of fraternal twins should have striking similarities in their behavior including their level of criminality. The hypothesis also suggests that twins would have similar behaviors despite having been brought up in different environmental and social conditions. However, this does not necessarily hold true since twins develop individual or personal behavior despite having closely related genetic factors. The fraternal twin phenomenon disqualifies the overall assumption of genes as the main factor that influences criminal behavior. This phenomenon forms the fundamental aspect of the nature vs. nature theory, which considers the environment as the main aspect that influences criminal behavior. According to

Assigment leaderships week 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assigment leaderships week 3 - Assignment Example ies of APN leaders can be broadly categorized into scientific foundation, quality practice, leadership, practice inquiry, policy, literacy in technology and information, ethics, health delivery and independent practice. The technical changes in the health care domain have resulted into various shifting in the substantial portion of care. These shifts are normally from single handed health care systems to the home environments where patients and their care partners are responsible for care previously ordained by the nurses in their acute care settings. Competencies necessary for the advanced practice Nursing (APN) role development are adversely dependent on the nursing registration. Through an advanced registration of nurses, each and every individual nurse will be ethically stable and liable to any nursing practice consequences arising as a result of unreasonable competencies. Nursing field is a very noble field of professionalism hence it should be guided to the later by the codes of conducts regarding competencies necessarily required in this field of professionalism. This research paper explains the competencies necessary for Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) role development. An advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is a post-graduate education nurse. APRN’s are well-enlightened with advanced clinical and didactic education, skills, knowledge and clinical nursing scope practices at large. APRN basically defines a nursing practice level that utilizes the expanded and extended nursing skills, knowledge and experience in planning, assessment, diagnosis, implementation and overall evaluation skills in the care required. Nurses practicing at this noble level are distinctively educationally prepared at the post-graduate level and may unconditionally work in either generalist or specialist capacity. Nonetheless, the basis of advanced practice is linked to higher knowledgeable extents (NONPF 2011). The APRN skills and experience must be ethically applied within the

A report on Wireshark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

A report on Wireshark - Essay Example This network packet analyzer works as an appliance utilized to inspect what is happening within a communication network cable, immediately similar to a voltmeter is utilized by an electrician to look at what is going on within an electric cable (however at a advanced scale). In the past, similar applications and tools were extremely costly, based on ownership, or together. With the arrival of Wireshark, the situation has changed. Thus, Wireshark is perceived to be possibly one of the most excellent open source packet analyzers available in the marketplace at the moment (Lamping, Sharpe, & Warnicke, 2011). I have chosen this technology for my research. In this report I will assess this technology based application with respect to its overall technological working, operations, history and mainly for the Linux based services administration. WIRESHARK Wireshark technology is a network protocol analyzer system. It allows us to get as well as interactively surf the network communication tr affic operating on a computer network system. Additionally, the Wireshark has optimistic and dominant characteristic collection and is world's most well-liked application of this sort. In addition, it is compatible and works on the majority of networks and computing systems comprising OS X, Windows, UNIX and Linux. Moreover, network experts, developers, safety professionals and instructors all through the world make use of this technology. Its main characteristic is that we need to pay no cost for this since it is open source application; moreover it is released with the standards defined by the GNU (General Public License) version. Furthermore, it is designed and supported by a worldwide staff of protocol specialists, as well as it is an instance of a disruptive technology based systems. Wireshark was also recognized as Ethereal protocol (Wireshark Foundation , 2011). WIRESHARK FEATURES Wireshark takes network communication packets at the internet or transport layer of OSI model. A dditionally, the leading protocols are TCP and IP; jointly, they are known as internet protocol group or TCP/IP. As this is a packet switching network framework (a network works on data packets communication). In this scenario data will be transmitted to the right destination system formed on the basis of information created in the network packet header (Codex-M , 2011) and (Lamping, Sharpe, & Warnicke, 2011). These are extremely significant tasks to perform; particularly if someone is appointed as a network manager to inspect/care for the data and information being sent away from the communications. For instance, if the system on which we are performing our tasks deals with extremely secret information, we are able to make use of Wireshark capability to dual verify whether those network communication packets transmitted away the technology based machines are encrypted or encoded. Thus, this will validate that the encryption protocol of the system or network is in operational condit ion (Codex-M , 2011) and (Lamping, Sharpe, & Warnicke, 2011). One more instance of this situation is; if secret data and information, like that password, is not encrypted or encoded, it could be interpreted in the form of apparent text by making use of packet analysis through Wireshark. Additionally, this is equally high-quality aspect and terrible feature for the machine's clients. In addition, the high-quality aspect of this application is that, if the manager frequently checks and

Power Distance in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Power Distance in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Your residents have no strong political tone of voice, as well as the guidelines of the territory tends to be chose with the king and no one from the common people can interfere in the decision making or choosing the leader.. From the family members, the particular folks tend to be near the top of the particular picking order, while the youngsters as well as youth tend to be in the bottom. This is the system of Saudi Arabia where power is strictly with the king and family and is passed on to the children. There are different aspects of this power distance and very important one which is prominent in Saudi Arabia is gender difference. Being conservative country females are not given any major rights and power is restricted to men. Saudi Arabia is a very modern country if we talk about technology and resources but it scores really low when it comes to equality and power distribution so on the basis of social equality and justice Saudi Arabia is far

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs - Essay Example Esteem goes hand in hand with money, thus the need for one to want recognition and respect from others (Orthmann & Karen 301). Therefore, when one gets to the stage of self-actualization, they use everything within their power to make sure their dreams come to reality. However, one has to have mastered all the four needs before getting to the top of the hierarchy (Orthmann & Karen 14). Once this has been achieved, they use all resources possible to reach their full potential. Their desire to accomplish the goal at hand is very strong, hence, anything standing in their way is eliminated. For instance, if one is given a promotion at work, they will set goals for themselves (Orthmann & Karen 257) and use all their knowledge acquired from the police academy to make sure they make positive changes within the police force. Money is a great motivator for them in this case since they will use it to purchase resources that will help in curbing crime. The drive to make things work to their advantage is very

Management Strategies Wal-Mart should undertake for Successful Global Essay

Management Strategies Wal-Mart should undertake for Successful Global Presence - Essay Example Decrease in government restriction resulted in increased opening up of the China retail market. Global retailers such as Wal-Mart took advantage and opened store in China. Though Wal-Mart started as a small, store in Arkansas, it spread rapidly and dominated the retail sector in United States. Wal-Mart’s founder, Walton, believed that discounting was crucial in retail business. He opened stores in neglected areas and sold goods at considerably cheap prices (Glass, 2012). The use of â€Å"Everyday low prices† gave Wal-Mart a competitive advantage over its competitors. Additionally, Wal-Mart developed a strong marketing culture such that it remained popular even when its competitors, Kmart and Woolco, closed down. However, Wal-Mart’s entry into China was not successful. China opened up its market for foreign retailers in 2005, which Wal-Mart saw as a great opportunity. This is because China’s thriving economy provided a great opportunity for profitable retailing. Despite Walton’s insistence on discount prices, Wal-Mart remained less popular in China (Farhoomand & Wang, 2006). One of the main drawback was the resignation of Cassian Chueng, the president of Wal-Mart China, which happened at the time when the entry plan was at the initial stages of implementation. Irrespective of being the world largest retailer, Wal-Mart is ranked at position twenty in China in terms of its sales (Glass, 2012; Wang, & Jha, 2011). One of issues facing Wal-Mart is managements’ refutation of employee’s unionization. Sam Walton opposed formation of union by War-Mart employee’s rights from the initial stages. ... The Wal-Mart employees have attempted to demand for salary increment and they feel that such grievances have not been clearly addressed (Wang, & Jha, 2011). To create a successful global presence and ensure the success of Wal-Mart in meeting its goals and mission, the management must address the issue of Unionization. This issue has been criticized strongly, which could affect Wal-Mart performance. Additionally, the success of any organization greatly depends on the level of satisfaction among the employees. It is thus inevitable that Wal-Mart should consider accommodation unionization to ensure the employees’ grievances are addressed accordingly (Glass, 2012; Farhoomand & Wang, 2006). Another issue that has affected Wal-Mart’s entry into China is their expansion strategy. In United States, Walton preferred opening stores in small towns, which gave Wal-Mart a competitive advantage. However, Chinas economic growth is more rampant in large cities, particularly those along the coastal region. It is thus significant for Wal-Mart to reconsider the positioning of its store in China. Although there are existing barriers such as resistance from China authorities to let Wal-Mart expand in large cities, the management should consider forming venture in such regions (Glass, 2012; Farhoomand & Wang, 2006). An alternative that would enable Wal-Mart to retain cheap prices and expand its operations would be to change their marketing strategies. The US market environment is quite different from that of China. This is mainly due to cultural differences. Wal-Mart should thus consider exposing its employees to Chinese culture to understand the needs of their consumer appropriately. As opposed to US where the

History Teaches Us Only One Thing Essay Example for Free

History Teaches Us Only One Thing Essay History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. History is the past considered as a whole, the series of events which are connected with someone. It is the past which had taken place like the world wars, about the freedom fighters, the evidence which have remained when these incidents took place. Knowing about the past can just help people to gain information and to be aware of what took place in the past and this does not help in taking important decisions today as this only helps people to be aware of the things which took place. The decisions taken at that time and the decisions taken in this modern society are totally different. It is said that â€Å"Past is no predictor of future† , the decisions taken at that time will not help for the decisions taken in the current events because that depends upon the people as to what circumstances they are facing and they can just get aware if at all this has taken place in the past and not the history. The people who took decisions at that particular point of time are totally different than what a person takes at this point of time. Firstly, history does not contain the circumstances that a person wants to take decisions today especially with the circumstances which a person faces at this time and the point taken at that past which is already history. The modern world or society does not depend upon history for decisions. For example, a person taking decisions in business deals cannot be dependent upon the history because a person needs to see all the consequences and the future prospects of his or her business and not on the history, a person can get aware of the things which took place in the past and can take care that the mistakes done in the past should not repeat the wrong decisions taken in the past. It does not depend solely upon the history. The decisions taken by the person will vary from person to person whether a person is choosing a career or decisions are made for business, or it is family decisions. The decisions taken today will vary and the important decisions taken in history does not make any sense in depending on those decisions because it does not help the people in taking right decisions because the circumstances the people faced and the circumstances faced in the modern world are two different things. History is the past and one should not look back for the future decisions taking place in the current situations. One should be aware and should be careful for the decisions, one should look into the consequences of taking the risk for the decisions a person is taking whether it is a family matter, or it is in a business, or choosing a career for a student. Thus, history does not help a person to take decisions of the modern society, past should be remained as a past and should not be considered for future prospects. The decisions taken in history and the decisions taken at this point of time are two different things and one cannot compare these two different things for the important decisions made today.

The Police and Crime

The Police and Crime History of Criminal Investigation: The investigation of crime involves the study of various facts and findings, with the intention of finding whether an individual is guilty or not, for an offence. This process involves the use of a variety of techniques, which includes interviews, interrogations, forensic analysis, etc (Fisher Fisher, 2012). The investigation of crime is a concept that has a long history, and the function of detectives was able to develop gradually. However, it is important to explain that, it is the CID who had the responsibility of investigating crime. This was a specialized unit, responsible for investigating crime, and could be found in all police stations in the United Kingdom (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). However, the powers of investigators were ambiguous. This is because there wasn’t any law that was able to spell out the role of investigators, and the rights of the people under investigation (Rossmo and Summers, 2015). This was a major challenge to the investigatory process, basically because the detectives could breach on the rights of people, because of the absence of a clear guideline on how to investigate (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). Furthermore, investigators had very limited training. This had an impact of negatively affecting the efficiency of their investigations, hence the results. It is because of these limited training, that the status of investigatory officers was able to rise up very slowly. Organizational Processes: Crown Prosecution Service: Until 1984, it was the police department that was in charge of the investigation of criminal activities. The introduction of the 1984, law of Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) is significant, because it was able to identify the role of the police officers, and the rights that the public had. This is with the intention of protecting the citizens from abuses by the police. Until 1986, it is the police who were responsible for investigating crime, and prosecuting crime. However, this responsibility and duties changed in the year 1986. This is basically because of the emergence of the Crown Prosecution Office. This came into being with the enactment of the 1985 Prosecution Offences Act. The Crown Prosecution Office has the responsibility of prosecuting every criminal charge, brought against an individual (Newburn, 2012). This office is very important because it ensures that the police would not be the prosecutors, as well as the investigators of a criminal offence. This helps in protecting the citizens from abuses by police officers, who may carry out inadequate investigation, and press charges with limited evidence (Carr-Hill Stern, 2014). The impact of this situation is that the police officers may prosecute an innocent person, or they may fail to get justice to the victim, because of the inability of successful prosecuting the case, leading to a conviction. The Crown Prosecution Service is therefore important, basically because it would ensure that the quality of investigation is high, and cases are brought to the courts, if there is sufficient evidence warranting their prosecution (Baker, 2013). This has therefore helped in solving issues pertaining to poor investigation of an offence. Volume Crimes: In as much as there is the existence of the crown prosecution service, it is very difficult to solve and investigate volume crimes (Beauregard and Martineau, 2014). These are the majority of offences that are committed in England and Wales. These criminal activities are very difficult to solve, hence on most occasions, their victims normally do not get justice. Because of their large number, the criminal department is overwhelmed in investigating these criminal activities. This means that there are no enough personnel who can help in investigating these criminal activities. This is a major challenge facing investigators (Lister, 2013). To solve on this situation, there is a need of hiring more personnel, and training them on the best methods of investigating this type of crime. Serious Crimes The investigation of serious crimes is also has challenges. The CID has a monopoly in this area, and it makes it difficult for other organs of the police force to demand for accountability in the manner which these criminal activities are investigated. Furthermore, the media has portrayed the investigation of these types of offences as glorious, and this limits the effectiveness of investigators. An example is the Sherlock Holmes series of investigations, where the media glorifies the activities of detective Holmes (Taylor, Fritsch and Liederbach, 2014). This is a misconception portrayed by the media. Risk Factors: Furthermore, the quality of investigation is affected by the risks that are placed on police officers to perform. This is in circumstances when there is a public outcry on the rise of insecurity in certain areas of the country. Too much pressure has the capability of affecting the quality of an investigation (Griffiths, 2014). There is also too much reliance on interviews and this is a challenge because people may lie while being interviewed. Furthermore, it is possible to categorize such kinds of evidence as hearsay by the courts. This means that they will not be admissible (Kassin et al, 2014). Investigators, also have a close relationship with criminals. This is basically because it is difficult to crack an underground crime organization without the help of criminals’ officers. This is unethical practice, because it is wrong to associate with people, that they are tasked to fight against. Detection Rates: Detection rates also present a challenge to investigation of crime. This refers to the criminal activities that have been successfully solved. This is always a political process, and the judges and the courts may be influenced. This is based on the perception of the society. Forensic Science and the Media: The emergence of the media has played a role in blurring reality, with fiction. This means that it has an influence in making some fictional activities to be reality, hence affecting the quality of investigation. Take for example, the investigative ability of Sherlock Holmes. He is a fictional character, depicted as being highly talented. Some of his skills are not realistic, and cannot be implemented. Furthermore, lack of high quality technologies plays a role in limiting the results of investigation. Debate arises in the United Kingdom, on the need of reviewing some cases that were prosecuted in 1980s, and early 1990s, with the use of technology, for purposes of solving them. Furthermore, because of inadequate skills, there is poor use of forensic technology, for purposes of determining the real culprit of a criminal offence. Poor communication of its use is also a factor affecting the quality of investigations. Conclusion There are a lot of challenges facing the investigations of criminal offences. As discussed earlier, one of the crimes that police are unable to investigate adequately are voluminous crimes. This is because of the lack of enough personnel, who can investigate these criminal activities. Furthermore, the monopoly of the CID over serious crimes makes it to be unaccountable to any policing department. In as much as these challenges exist, with proper reforms and policies, there is a possibility of overcoming them. Bibliography: BAKER, S. (2013). Has the introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners provided accountability to local people?: a Case Study in Hampshire and IOW. BEAUREGARD, E., MARTINEAU, M. (2014). No body, no crime? The role of forensic awareness in avoiding police detection in cases of sexual homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 213-220. CARR-HILL, R. A., STERN, N. H. (2014). Crime, the police and criminal statistics: an analysis of official statistics for England and Wales using econometric methods. Academic Press. FISHER, B. A., FISHER, D. R. (2012). Techniques of crime scene investigation. CRC Press. GRIFFITHS, A. G. F. (2014). Mysteries of police and crime. Arthur George Frederick Griffiths. KASSIN, S. M., KUKUCKA, J., LAWSON, V. Z., DECARLO, J. (2014). Does video recording alter the behavior of police during interrogation? A mock crime-and- investigation study. Law and human behavior, 38(1), 73. LISTER, S. (2013). The new politics of the police: police and crime commissioners and the ‘operational independence’of the police. Policing, 7(3), 239-247. NEWBURN, T. (Ed.). (2012). Handbook of policing. Routledge. ROSSMO, D. K., SUMMERS, L. (2015). Routine Activity Theory in Crime Investigation. The Criminal Act: The Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory, 19. TAYLOR, R. W., FRITSCH, E. J., LIEDERBACH, J. (2014). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press.

Importance of Money in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Essay

Importance of Money in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil     Ã‚   Inherited money is held in much higher esteem than earned money in Savannah, Georgia. This is a theme seen throughout Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, John Berendt's non-fictional account of life in Savannah. Characters such as Jim Williams, who worked for their money and brought themselves up the social ladder, are seen as being beneath those who inherited their money, such as Lee Adler. The old wealth tend to look down on anyone who wasn't born with their money. Their views of just about everything, including laws and punishments, differ depending on whether the person in question is of wealth due to blood or sweat. While Savannah is a town full of rich people, there isn't a whole lot of earned wealth. Most of Savannah's wealthy people have been rich for generations. Among the few exceptions is Jim Williams. He was born in Gordon, Georgia, a small town near Macon. "My father was a barber, and my mother worked as a secretary for the [town's chalk] mine. My money - what there is of it - is about eleven years old," says Williams (Berendt 4). Jim Williams is an oddity in Savannah. This "socially prominent antiques dealer" (Bellafante 79) is arrogant and pompous, but unlike those who are this way because they believe they were born with the right to be so, he is this way because he knows he has earned the right. It is because of this, though, that he is not truly accepted by his neighbors. For instance, there is the Oglethorpe Club, one of the highest class social clubs, even by Savannah standards. It would make sense for one of the richest aristocrats to be a premier member of the club. This is not the case, however. According to Berendt, bachelo... ... greatly upset those who hadn't had their turn. Appropriately enough, it seemed to Williams at least, it was Adler who prodded the district attorney to charge Williams with murder rather than a lesser crime. John Berendt's Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is a non-fictional account of the aristocratic lifestyle of Savannah, Georgia. The book examines many aspects of life in Savannah, as well as the mind sets of its people. One of these mind sets is the conflict between "old money" and "new money." People who have always had money seem to think that they are of a higher class than those who have had to work for it. Lee Adler and Jim Williams are two of the combatants in this ongoing war. Adler fights for the side of inherited money, Williams for earned. The problem for Williams is that the inherited side seems to control all the cards, even those of the law. Importance of Money in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Essay Importance of Money in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil     Ã‚   Inherited money is held in much higher esteem than earned money in Savannah, Georgia. This is a theme seen throughout Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, John Berendt's non-fictional account of life in Savannah. Characters such as Jim Williams, who worked for their money and brought themselves up the social ladder, are seen as being beneath those who inherited their money, such as Lee Adler. The old wealth tend to look down on anyone who wasn't born with their money. Their views of just about everything, including laws and punishments, differ depending on whether the person in question is of wealth due to blood or sweat. While Savannah is a town full of rich people, there isn't a whole lot of earned wealth. Most of Savannah's wealthy people have been rich for generations. Among the few exceptions is Jim Williams. He was born in Gordon, Georgia, a small town near Macon. "My father was a barber, and my mother worked as a secretary for the [town's chalk] mine. My money - what there is of it - is about eleven years old," says Williams (Berendt 4). Jim Williams is an oddity in Savannah. This "socially prominent antiques dealer" (Bellafante 79) is arrogant and pompous, but unlike those who are this way because they believe they were born with the right to be so, he is this way because he knows he has earned the right. It is because of this, though, that he is not truly accepted by his neighbors. For instance, there is the Oglethorpe Club, one of the highest class social clubs, even by Savannah standards. It would make sense for one of the richest aristocrats to be a premier member of the club. This is not the case, however. According to Berendt, bachelo... ... greatly upset those who hadn't had their turn. Appropriately enough, it seemed to Williams at least, it was Adler who prodded the district attorney to charge Williams with murder rather than a lesser crime. John Berendt's Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is a non-fictional account of the aristocratic lifestyle of Savannah, Georgia. The book examines many aspects of life in Savannah, as well as the mind sets of its people. One of these mind sets is the conflict between "old money" and "new money." People who have always had money seem to think that they are of a higher class than those who have had to work for it. Lee Adler and Jim Williams are two of the combatants in this ongoing war. Adler fights for the side of inherited money, Williams for earned. The problem for Williams is that the inherited side seems to control all the cards, even those of the law.

Rockets and Space Travel Essay -- Space Exploration Essays

Flying into orbit, at times, seems just an ordinary event. We have been launching objects into orbit for several decades now. Over time, it seems that the knowledge of the first attempt to send an object into the atmosphere was lost. One lone American was very absorbed into the science of this very thing. He had an obsession about him. John Goddard spent endless hours trying to perfect a small rocket launch. Though it sounds simple, lighting a fire underneath a small projectile, and make go in a straight line toward the heavens, is very detailed orientated. In a book written by Arthur C. Clark, he talks about early work that was done in the world of rocketry, but at the time it was only for entertainment. It happened hundreds of years ago. One of the first experiences with rockets came from â€Å"thirteenth century Chinese† (Clarke 71). Today, the technology is so advanced; flights of hundreds of miles are not uncommon. In the beginning of rocket experimentation, there were many trial and errors. They would fire up the engine of a projectile in hopes of a spectacular launch into the atmosphere. Many times it would only result in some kind of explosion. Catastrophe, if anything, is the nature of launching any projectile. Mans attempt to send objects toward the clouds has sparked interests in going further than ever before. The moon and the outer planets of our solar system have now become an obsession with not only the science community, but with a lot of ordinary folks as well. In order to satisfy this obsession, ways had to be found in order to get to these distant objects. The world we live on is small compared to the surrounding planets and universe but it is large compared to the complexities of ways to leave its ... ..., the commander will create a steeper angle of descent to minus 20 degrees (almost seven times steeper than the descent of a commercial airliner) (http://science.howstuffworks.com)†. This is only a small glimpse of what goes on before and after the lift off of the space shuttle. Details of micro gravity during the orbital maneuver and the interaction of the crew during its mission can add volumes to this report alone. In the end, the space shuttle is a very versatile instrument. From experiments in human research to inserting the Hubble space telescope into orbit. What would it be like in another 200 years when man has established colonies on mars or the moon? What an interesting life our future children will have. Works Cited: Arthur C. Clark http://science.howstuffworks.com http://science.howstuffworks.com Physics, a worldview, Kirkpatrick and Wheeler,

Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn Essay example -- Mark Twain Huck Finn Es

Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn No one who has read the novel Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain can deny not seeing the faults of the civilized world that Twain so critically satires. This element of the novel plays the perfect backdrop to the thing Twain uses to compare civilization with: The ideal way of living. Every time the main characters Huck and Jim are away from the influences of the civilized world, Twain’s vision of the ideal way of living reveals itself to the reader. By observing the things that occur when Huck and Jim are in the influences of the civilized world and when they are not, we can see the vast differences that lie between these two elements. The first glimpse that we get of the civilized world in Huck’s time comes to us as early as the first chapter. Huck describes to the reader how he is getting along in civilization. He tells us things about society that he doesn’t yet understand, like how the Widow forbids him to smoke yet she uses tobacco herself. Twain establishes the hypocrisy of civilization early on in the novel to give the reader insight on the differences between the â€Å"proper† ways of nineteenth century society and the â€Å"improper† behavior that Huck is accustomed to dealing with. This insight that Twain gives to the reader is further expanded with the introduction of Huck’s Pap into the story. After leaving Huck for a little over a year, Pap comes back for Huck, figuring he may have something to gai... Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn Essay example -- Mark Twain Huck Finn Es Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn No one who has read the novel Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain can deny not seeing the faults of the civilized world that Twain so critically satires. This element of the novel plays the perfect backdrop to the thing Twain uses to compare civilization with: The ideal way of living. Every time the main characters Huck and Jim are away from the influences of the civilized world, Twain’s vision of the ideal way of living reveals itself to the reader. By observing the things that occur when Huck and Jim are in the influences of the civilized world and when they are not, we can see the vast differences that lie between these two elements. The first glimpse that we get of the civilized world in Huck’s time comes to us as early as the first chapter. Huck describes to the reader how he is getting along in civilization. He tells us things about society that he doesn’t yet understand, like how the Widow forbids him to smoke yet she uses tobacco herself. Twain establishes the hypocrisy of civilization early on in the novel to give the reader insight on the differences between the â€Å"proper† ways of nineteenth century society and the â€Å"improper† behavior that Huck is accustomed to dealing with. This insight that Twain gives to the reader is further expanded with the introduction of Huck’s Pap into the story. After leaving Huck for a little over a year, Pap comes back for Huck, figuring he may have something to gai...

Health Risks Associated with Technology Essay

The widespread use of technology has led to some important user health concerns. Some of the more common physical health risks are repetitive strain injuries, computer vision syndrome, and muscular pain. These injuries are on the rise of technology. A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints. Technology-related RSIs include tendonitis, and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon due to repeated motion or stress on that tendon. CTS is inflammation of the nerve that connects the forearm to the palm. Repeated or forceful bending of the wrist can cause tendonitis or CTS of the wrist. Factors that cause these disorders include prolonged typing or mouse usage and continual shifting between a mouse and keyboard (Jones 45-48). If untreated, these disorders can lead to permanent physical damage. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) affects eyesight. Symptoms of CVS are sore, tired, burning, itching, or dry eyes; blurred or double vision; distance blurred vision after prolonged staring at a display device; headache or sore neck; difficulty shifting focus between a display device and documents; difficulty focusing on a screen image; color fringes or afterimages when looking away from a display device; and increased sensitivity to light. Eyestrain associated with CVS is not thought to have long-term consequences (Anderson and Dean). People who spend their workday using the computer sometimes complain of lower back pain, muscle fatigue, and emotional fatigue. Lower back pain sometimes is caused from poor posture. It is advisable to sit properly in a chair while working and take periodic breaks. Users also should be sure their workplace is designed ergonomically. Ergonomic studies have shown that using the correct type and configuration of chair, keyboard, display device, and work surface helps users work comfortably and efficiently and helps protect their health (Sanchez). Many physical health risks are associated with using technology. These risks include repetitive strain injuries, computer vision syndrome, and muscular pain. Users should take as many preventive measures as possible  to avoid these risks. Works cited Anderson, Cricket Finley and Stacy Anne Dean. â€Å"Computer Pains.† The Medical Update

Assignment One Essay

1.) What are some of the hardships faced by indentured servants in Virginia during the early days of the colony? a. Some of the hardships faced by indentured servants was disease such as â€Å"scurvy, bloody flux, and diverse other diseases.† Also, they have not much of a variety of food to eat, they eat â€Å"peas and loblollies†, and so they will do anything to be able to eat other variety of foods. The amount of food they get is shared between other men. Therefore their amount of food intake is not enough to make them full. They have clothes but they are old and dirty because they one of everything they wear. Since they do not have anything worth a penny, because if they do others steal it, they cannot have food other than peas. They cannot eat bread because it cost a penny and they don’t have a penny to buy anything. 2.) How does the physical location of Jamestown colony lead to many of the hardships described in this document? b. It seems they are close to possibly Indian attacks or people from other countries because he stated in the story â€Å"but yet we are 32 to fight 3000 if they should come.† He hasn’t seen any deer or venison since he arrived in Jamestown; therefore the meat source is not a great source for food reliability. It takes them a few days to retrieve cargo from the ships. They start to the shore and sleep the first night they get there, then unload the next day and start back to their home with the cargo. 3.) How have conditions at Jamestown affected the writer of this letter? c. He thinks negative about everything. He has nothing in Jamestown to call his own or â€Å"nothing to comfort him.† He expects the worse because people are dying by the hour. Not having much to eat, he doesn’t think he will survive much longer unless his he dies before he receives the package. He believes in God and that he can keep him alive if he drinks water, he heard. He tells his dad to have mercy and pity on him, that life in England was better because he had more food that filled him. He thanks his parents for providing all that they did while he lived in England. He loves his dad and doesn’t want his dad to forget him.

Personality and Ill Health

Among the psychological factors that impact health, personality – that is table individual differences in thinking, feeling and behaving- plays a pivotal role. For example, an individual high in a sense of coherence (SOC), therefore perceive less stress and see the world as more manageable, resulting in good health (Williams, 2010). Furthermore, the individual differences that exist In terms of the attitude the individual has towards their health and how they conceptualize their illness Is very important.Although It Is a popular notion that personality traits Influence the state of a persons physical health, It Is difficult to establish the true nature of the relationship between resonantly and health , including measurement, the distinction between subjectively reported symptoms and objective signs of illness and the direction of causation (Matthews et al. , 2003). Four ways in which health status and personality might be linked have been identified by Souls and Retouches, (1 990).Firstly is the strongest assumptions about the importance of personality traits which represent biologically based differences that may cause different illness outcomes. Second, the relationship between traits and illness might be correlation rather than casual. Third is the usability that traits lead to behaviors that In turn lead to illnesses e. G. Smoking. Finally, Illnesses may cause personality changes. Nonetheless research has tended to focus on one of these aspects at a time which may oversimplify the complete Interrelationships that are likely to exist (Friedman, 2000).The past has shown that from early times a link has almost always been made between personality and illness. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) described physical illness as being caused by the balance of bodily fluids or humors – meaning personality traits (Steelmaker and Swastika. , 1992). Personality is often conceptualized as specific behavioral styles as opposed to personality disorders or personality d omains. Type A, Type B, Type C and Type D are some examples of a collection of behavior patterns that are grouped together to form a personality type.Type A personality is one of the most studied of these. It Is a behavior pattern marked by tenseness, impatience and aggressiveness, often relating in stress related symptoms such as insomnia and Indigestion, and possibly Increasing the risk of heart disease. The term Type A' was developed by Friedman & Rosen man (1 959), by which stile, and very tense – summarized basically as a â€Å"workaholic† personality. Type A personality was developed using structured interviews, however, although reliable it was labor intensive and therefore expensive.Due to this it lead to the development of the Jenkins self report measure Nonsense et al. , 1974). There were at least four major breakthrough studies of personality and cardiac vascular disease PROVIDING CONFLICTING RESULTS. The earliest success for Type A personality came from the Western Collaborative Group Study (Roseanne et al. , 1975). This study followed 3, 154 initially healthy men geed between 39 & 59 years. The sample was followed up 8 h years later with Type A men were found to have twice as much cardiovascular disease than Type B men.Type B personalities are very laid back , patient, and take a very relaxed low-key approach to life and their Job. This would suggest that Type A personalities are more prone to cardiovascular disease than Type B personalities. However, a later follow up study showed more negative or unequivocal results. After 22 years the same group reported no effects of Type A but quiet marked effects on mortality from blood erasure, cholesterol , smoking and age (Raglans & Brand, 1988), suggesting there was more than Type A personality directly increasing risk of coronary heart disease.Similarly, a cohort study known as the Farmington study, began between 1965 & 1967 (Haynes et al. , 1978). This involved 5,127 men and women being a ssessed and found the incidence of cardiovascular disease to be significantly higher in Type A than Type B. However, in a follow up study results were less clear cut as it was found that Type A personality was predictive of cardiovascular disease only in certain occupational groups. Also, women with cardiovascular disease scored more highly on Type A behavior and suppressed more hostility, tension and anxiety than men.Adding to these conflicting results were the Honolulu Heart Program Study (Cohen & Reid, 1985) and the British Regional Heart Study Monsoon et al 1987) which found no significant association between Type A personality and cardiovascular disease. These findings have tried to be explained through a meta-analysis of the literature (Booth-Kelley & Friedman, 1987) where findings were said to be due to the differences in the ways of assessing behavior and the use of different outcome assure, in that a distinction needs to be made between objectively and subjectively measurin g these outcomes.Although, an association was made between Type A personality and cardiovascular disease, the contradictory results can mean a number of things and further investigations of pathways and mechanisms is necessary to fully understand the associations. This suggests that although Type A may have an association to C. V. D. , it does not depict a definite outcome of illness. Another facet in research is that provided by personality theorists, where the components of personality are looked at instead of the personality as a whole.Glass (1977) found three separate components made up Type A personality. These included striving competitively for achievement, sense of urgency and high levels of hostility. Compared to the more relaxed, easy going Type BBS; Type As were seen as more concerned with having control and having lower threshold for perceiving Hostility here is described as the â€Å"toxic† component. In a meta-analysis of 45 studies (Chide & Step, 2009) conclude d hostility and anger was associated with an increase(20%) risk of C.H. D. Developing in originally healthy people. Also, research such as the Western Electric Study (1983) has consistently mound a link between hostility and C. H. D. Similarly, 12 longitudinal studies examined the role of hostility on the incidence of C. H. D. , 6 longitudinal studies have examined the role of hostility on C. H. D. Mortality and 2 longitudinal studies examined the role of hostility n sub clinical C. V. D. The results from these revealed that anger/hostility was associated with C. H. D. ND cause mortality, independent of potential biologic and socio-demographic confounder (Fink, 2009). In contrast, the high scores found on the personality trait of hostility assumed a casual link to C. H. D. -in that the illogical processes associated with hostile behavior are also associated with increased C. V. D. (Square et al 2002). The evidence provided here portrays that an individual that is more hostile is mor e prone to C. H. D. Either directly or through outcomes that individuals display such as smoking or drinking alcohol because of the hostile behavior.This evidence suggests that while type A personality alone cannot consistently predict C. H. D. , its subcomponents (such as hostility as discussed above) are in fact more reliable indicators . Due to the inconsistent findings on type A personality and C. H. D. It in turn resulted on an emphasis on individual differences. Research found that depression, low levels of social support, high hostility and anger being seen as risk factors in C. H. D. (Dickens et al. , 2007).It was concluded, psychological risk factors tended to cluster together in some individuals and they were therefore more likely to experience cardiac problems when dealing with chronic stress. Again, a personality type approach was developed- Personality Type D ( Denote, 2000), which consisted of combined states of anxiety, pessimism, despair and anger. Type D is also cha racterized by high levels of negative festivity (AN) and social inhibition, with individuals especially experiencing AN more likely to experience distress, anxiety, irritability, pessimism and worry.It is the combined effects of these negative emotions that define Type D (Cupper & Denote, 2007). However, it is this inability to cope that may help explain why some individuals are more prone to C. H. D. Although, it has recently been reported that Type D is an independent predictor of increased mortality among patients with coronary heart disease(Cupper & Denote, 2007), little to no research has investigated how type d ND non type d individual cope with stress.Both negative affectively and social inhibition involve distancing oneself from the stresses using avoidance or withdrawal coping strategies causing the individual to make fewer attempts to engage directly with the problem. Also individuals with type D are predicted to actively reduce their efforts to seek out social support (De note, 2000) which has been shown to be detrimental to health and well-being. A cross- sectional study of 334 1st year undergraduate students found a small but significant moderator effect for Type D for he disengagement symptom of burnout (Pullman et al, 2009).These findings also mirrored other findings with individuals high in personality trait neurotics, which shares similarities with negative affectively (egg Denote, 2005). Therefore, reduced levels in comparisons to non-type d individuals. This includes avoidance coping strategies as well, which in turn lead to higher stress levels influencing C. H. D. It is clear from the evidence provided that a relationship between personality and health exists, therefore making some individuals who possess traits such as hostility or eroticism more prone to illness than others without these traits.Although it is favorable to depict certain personality types (e. G. Type A) and relate these to ill health, instead it would be more beneficial to assess personality traits before the onset of illness so that the brief relationship between cause and effect can be established. From the literature, it is becoming more clear that the traits identified within personality types play a major role in predicting health and to understand this role is where the importance lies.Also, the research conveys the relationship teen personality and health can be explored more extensively when using wider arrays of psychosocial measures and outcomes in longitudinal studies (rather than cross-sectional)-ideally studies that follow people from childhood onwards (Friedman, 2000) as once again cause and effect may be established. Overall, the importance of understanding why some individuals are more prone to illness than others and the personality traits involved in this, is due to the simple reason it is better for health prevention and treatment. At the end of the day†¦. Your health is your wealth!

Humanities Today Essay

For as long as humankind has existed so have art, music, architecture, literature, and philosophy. The University of Phoenix (2009) defines humanities as â€Å"an approach to study that emphasizes ideas and values through analysis of modes of cultural expression, philosophical and religious thought, and modes of human communication† (University of Phoenix, Week One Supplement). Gloria K. Fiero (2006) further defines humanities as literature, philosophy, history, architecture, visual arts, music, and dance (p. 4). Humanities impact daily life without many people being aware of their presence. What distinguishes humanities from other modes of human inquiry and expression is that they focus on ideas and values, not simply the production or result of an action. This paper will provide current examples of visual art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature and analyze how they reflect current developments in politics, socioeconomics, and technology. Visual art can be, but is not limited to, painting, sculpture, and photography. Classic paintings by renowned artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Claude Monet, Vincent Van Gogh, and Pablo Picasso are still considered masterpieces in today’s society but are not enjoyed by the common population the way that graphic and digital art have in the past century. Graphic and digital technology have become the means by which visual art is to be viewed and cherished among the mass population in a way that has never been available in history. Today’s society has become focused on instant gratification. Changes are expected to be made in politics overnight, struggles in socioeconomics demand rectification within weeks (even though they took years to create), and advancements in technology feeds society’s dependence on better, faster, and stronger tools. Unfortunately, visual art has become victim to this need for instant gratification. No longer are single masterpieces created by the flow of an artist’s hands, shaping and molding art into a creation of his or her soul. Instead, art is generated digitally by the click of a mouse and a selection of color and size from a predefined chart. The art can then be mass-distributed and mass-produced around the world in the matter of minutes. The creativity is still there, but the love generated through the time and patience required to construct that art by hand is no longer there. With the flood of self-help books saturating the market, literature also reflects society’s need for instant gratification. Self-help books are a reflection of the current socioeconomic state in which everyone is looking for a way to better his or her life instantly. Politicians have indirectly supported this literary genre by focusing and promoting what is wrong in the country and in each other. For example, if a politician has shortcomings in his or her public speaking abilities, the opposing political party will ridicule that person publicly. Citizens who feel they also do not have strong speaking skills and fear being mocked may then be compelled to purchase a self-help book on public speaking. As technology has advanced, self-help books have become a wonderful tool for individuals struggling to learn how to use the newest electronic devices. One popular technology self-help series is the For Dummies books. The books began in 1991 with â€Å"DOS for Dummies† (Johnson, 2006, para. 3), but they have now sold over 150 million Dummies books in 39 languages. Many people have benefited from the simple, helpful language used in these books, but not all self-help books are created equal. Some self-help books offer a quick solution that often leaves individuals feeling worse than when they began. Striving for self-improvement is excellent; however, self-help books can sometimes do more harm than good. Music in today’s society can also do more harm than good when presented to an impressionable mind. Music has always been used as a means of creatively reflecting political and socioeconomic issues, but since the inception of the Rap and Heavy Metal music genres, discontent, anger, and frustration have become common and wide-spread in music over the past 50 years. Songs about drug use, suicide, murder, and rape and those that use explicit language are common in these two genres of music and have begun to permeate other forms of music. This reflects not only society’s discontent with the current political and socioeconomic state, but it also reflects society’s tolerance and acceptance of freedom of speech. The sound of music, the production of music, and the enjoyment of music have evolved as technology evolves. New sounds that have never been possible before are now available through technology. Music is now available anywhere through the use of an MP3 player or cell phone. No longer does a person have to stop and listen to a musician; music can be played at any time. This fills society’s need for instant gratification. Today’s architecture also caters to the on-the-go lifestyles of society. Bigger, stronger, smarter, and faster are all ideas and values visibly manifested in current architecture. The aesthetic appeal of a building has given way to designs which exploit opportunities to get the most for the money. A recent trend which reflects a change of political and socioeconomic initiatives is building environmentally-friendly structures. That means creating a building that produces little waste, uses alternative power solutions, and emits minimum greenhouse toxins. Advances in technology have made these structures possible; however, they cost additional money to construct, and businesses and individuals are charged more money to use them than a traditionally built structure. Instant gratification, the struggle for self-improvement, tolerance and acceptance, and the idea of making as much money as possible are all philosophies in today’s society. Each is reflected in art, literature, music, and architecture, but as a whole, they make up the philosophy of society through their ideas and values. Developments in politics, socioeconomics, and technology have all played a part in creating these philosophies, but they are visibly manifested in the humanities. One can only wonder how the current humanities will be viewed and analyzed 50 or 100 years from now. The examples this paper has provided of visual art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature demonstrate how current developments in politics, socioeconomics, and technology are reflected. As politics, socioeconomics, and technology change so too will art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature. They are a reflection of one another and intertwined in their evolution. References Fiero, Gloria K. (2007). The humanistic tradition (5th ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Johnson, Doug (2006, October). For dummies books are popular learning aids. Retrieved from http://www. voanews. com/specialenglish/archive/2006-10/2006-10-12-voa1. cfm University of Phoenix (2009). Week One supplement: Humanities Terminology. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Week One, HUM102 – Introduction to the Humanities website.

Local Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Local Practice - Essay Example Even as minority ethnic groups may deem equality of treatment in healthcare, it has to be acknowledged that differences in physiological makeup make it prudent to offer differentiated healthcare. Furthermore cultural practices also call for a differentiation of healthcare since, different local practices result into differentiated healthcare needs. Discussion Engagement in Risky Behavior Risky behavior is in many instances an important predictor of the health of a population. While human beings acknowledge that risky behavior is a cause for poor health it is also a fact that instances of obesity as a result of engaging in the risky behavior of eating of junk food still exists. There are other risky behaviors such as smoking and drinking which despite education on their effects still continue to unexplainably show high rates of prevalence among the American population. The same may also be said of cultural practices which though proven to be negative continue to be adhered by certain populations. While some cultural practices lead to negative and risky behavior, the cultural practices of some ethnic groups have the opposite effect. A good example of this is the prohibition of alcohol and tobacco among the Amish and the prohibition of alcohol among the Arabs. On the other hand the immigrants in America are led to alcohol consumption due to the stress of attaining the American dream.

Workplace Communication between principal and a teacher Essay

Workplace Communication between principal and a teacher - Essay Example There are many superior-subordinate interactions that provide insight into workplace communication and there is none that exemplifies this interaction better than a principal-teacher work relationship. This paper focuses on a previously observed principal-teacher interaction, primarily taking note of significant elements including patterns of verbal communication, power influence in the communication approach, and an examination of whether the interaction constitutes an intercultural communiquà ©. In the course of evaluating workplace interaction between the said principal and a teacher, several observations were drawn. Key among the aspects denoted was the principal’s role as a coordinator of virtually all administrative duties, while striving to ensure efficient operation of the entire institution (watching a child interact with classmate). The principal was also responsible for ensuring that subordinates including teachers and other staff members worked towards achieving s chool goals. Overall, it was apparent that the principal’s role revolved around efficient leadership and management of school matters. On the other hand, the observed tutor bore the responsibility of teaching students, evaluating their performance and reporting assessment outcomes to the principal for formulation of learning improvement strategies. In terms of communication, the principal simply communicated tutorial guidelines and school policies to instructors, including the one under scrutiny.

AFA in news Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AFA in news - Essay Example The other Wes however is not so lucky and surrounded himself with addicts, sunk deeper and deeper into drug trade, fathered many children and finally ends up behind bars. The story somehow connects to slavery since we are told of poor black neighborhoods which could have resulted due to the enslavement of the ancestors of the black community. Thus Blacks’ economic standards are usually lower than those of other races because they lack a firm and solid economic foundation, due to prolonged slavery of their forefathers. As I read the story, I could not help imagining how a person’s determination can elevate one beyond his/her current circumstances and improve one’s chance at living a better and morally upright life. The main problem portrayed in the story is that of drugs, crime and negative influences in one’s life. Thus the problem of crime and drugs is well highlighted and can be attributed to the kind that the other Wes Moore lived. A possible solution to this is educating such neighborhoods on the dangers of drug and crime involvement as well as making sure that youths have got enough role models and institutions to kee p them off the

Designing Learning and Development Activities Essay

Designing Learning and Development Activities - Essay Example The essay "Designing Learning and Development Activities" analyzes the required factors to make a successful learning session. The paper also overviews the methods available to assess learning and performance. There are numerous methods available to assess learning and performance although the most vital factor in selecting the assessment tool should base on the type of audience, experience, education, venue and subject matter. In adult learning theories and Andragogical learning phenomena, the most effective way of adult learning is self-directed and experiential learning, where a participant can experience the problem first hand and propose a solution for it. Such activities are more effective in groups since brainstorming can provide alternatives. The culture and environment of the organization can impact the training, if an organization has a culture that is redundant to change with no regards to self-improvement or learning activities; learning activities would not be fruitful and participants would yawn in even the most appropriate training session with a lot of exciting and job relevant activities. Learning methods range from one-sided lecture-like training to facilitator based learning sessions. Both methodologies have their pros and cons although both are still used widely in organizations depending on the type of training and intended audience. A one-sided training is suitable for learning sessions that are general in nature, for example, code of conduct or explaining a policy to the employees.

Executive Compensation and WorldCom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Executive Compensation and WorldCom - Essay Example His strategy, however, failed, and the company’s expenses increased as a percentage of total revenue occasioned by a drop in growth of earning. By falsifying WorldCom’s accounting numbers, he hid the operating expenses and instead presented them as long-term capital investments, effectively but falsely showing increased assets. However, concerns arose when AT&T, the then leading telecommunication company, was posting loses yet WorldCom was seemed to be thriving, which led to internal audits that, in turn, led to revelations that accounting standards had not been followed. Eventually, the company filed for bankruptcy. Feeling unsatisfied with the low profit margins the telecommunication was comfortable with in the 1990s, CEO Bernard Ebbers of WorldCom, which was the second most successful telecommunication company then, acquired more than 60 small telecommunication companies between 1995 and 2000. After venturing into the internet and data business, by 2000 WorldCom was handling not only half of the internet traffic in the United States, but also half of the world’s total emails. In 2001, it owned a third of the United States’ data cables. From this description, WorldCom was by all accounts a telecommunication giant, only second to AT&T as a long-distance carrier. However, as has been the tradition with executive compensation and remuneration for many years, executives also earn more when the companies perform better (Neokleous, 2013). Bernard Ebbers, therefore, not only made profit for WorldCom’s shareholders and owners, his personal wealth was also growing. Yet, when the in dustry started experiencing business declines, the company was also affected and the price of its stocks dropped, reducing profits. Ebbers used unscrupulous means to show that the company was indeed making profits and, as a direct consequence, ensure his executive compensation (Jeter, 2003). This paper will

Dorothea Orems Self-Care Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dorothea Orems Self-Care Model - Essay Example This theory held a number of major assumptions. The most overarching consideration was that the theory believed that people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care. In this mode of understanding, she viewed people as distinct individuals. Orem believed that nursing was a form of action, specifically between two or more people. As Orem believed that self-care was a human need many of the theoretical tenants of this nursing theory considered ways that nurses could facilitate self-care. This theory then considered that the role of nursing was to ensure that the patient or members of their family were able to meet the patient’s care needs. Orem’s theory placed great emphasis on the notion of wholeness. This wholeness encompassed health concerns including biological, social, and symbolic elements. Orem was then concerned with establishing the differing means by which nurses could aid the patient with self-care. In this way, she was concerned with self-care, self-care agency, therapeutic self-care, and self-care requisites. Self-care agency refers to the extent that the patient is capable of taking control of their care needs. Therapeutic self-care is the â€Å"totality of self-care actions to be performed for some duration in order to meet self-care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions† ("Dorothea Orem's self-care," 2012). Finally, self-care requisites are the steps the patient needs to take to assume greater self-care. In conclusion, these comprehensive elements formed Orem self-care theory of nursing. This model would greatly influence nursing theory throughout her time and continues to influence contemporary contexts.

Foreign Direct Investment & Exchange Report Research Paper

Foreign Direct Investment & Exchange Report - Research Paper Example The paper tells that control in the host country is usually acquired through increasing active company operations. It can also be done by purchasing a company in the host country. In this case, foreign investors may want to extend business and offer Redbox to Brazil since Brazil does not invest in Redbox. Alternatively, Brazil can invest in manufacturing and marketing of Redbox. Considering various factors, FDI offers stable economic gain especially for countries that are focused on growth. The reason FDI for Redbox in Brazil is necessary is because FDI has been proved to be sustainable and stable even when other capital flows such as equity portfolio are faced with major hitches. This trend has evidently existed for many years and has contributed to the shift of capital inflow from portfolio investment and bank loans to FDI. On the contrary, Brazil can invest in Redbox if there is assurance that it will exceptionally contribute to growth and development. Brazil can also take advanta ge of its financial stability to invest since FDI takes advantage of the financial crisis. Brazil will also have the advantage of control over its resources. The flow of capital to other nations other than the investor’s country also has the advantage of giving high rates of return. This is because the flow of capital internationally reduces risks that are faced by capital owners hence enabling investors to diversify investment. Moreover, the integration of global capital markets helps in the spreading of best economic practices in areas such as governance among other areas.

Essay Childhood Obesity Essay Example for Free

Essay Childhood Obesity Essay Childhood Obesity is a health issue, cause by having excess body weight as well as excess of body fat. This is a serious problem for the future of society especially now that our children are not getting enough physical activities because of technology and unhealthy eating patterns. Children who are obese are likely to be obese as adults. Therefore, this habits can take our children to have serious health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high cholesterol, and many others health problems. The environment in which we live is been also part of this problem. Children are surrounded by unhealthy commercials and bad influence from their parents. Beverages like sodas which contains approximately 400 calories, and unhealthy choices of meals have contributed to this epidemic cause. Leading our children by giving them examples of how to prevent this kind of problems could be a solution for a better lifestyle and future. It is important that parents support their children by helping them do a diet and physical activities. If your child look at you as a good example of how to stay healthy, they are more likely to be and stay active for their own. Instead of leaving them playing video games, take them to the park and have fun. Being able to spend more time with your kids and being part of their life, can take them to be better not only mentally, but physically. Childhood obesity is been an enormous problem for our society. Furthermore, it is our responsibility to help the future generations by giving them a good example of living and love for those who needs the most. Web, www.obesityaction.org, www.healthychildren.org

Anna Quindlen Essay Example for Free

Anna Quindlen Essay When you think great American author, many people think of Anna Quindlen. She won many awards. They include but are not limited to a Pulitzer and two Clarion Awards. She is an older sister and a daughter, as well as a wife and mother. Anna Quindlen has published many, many literary works, including novels, children’s books, nonfiction works, columns, and new table pictorials. This woman is not only an author, but she is a role model and hero to some, having accomplished her dreams with great dignity and grace. Anna Quindlen was not always Anna Quindlen the famous author. First, she was Anna Marie Quindlen, the oldest of five children in Philadelphia, and later on, New Jersey. She has one sister and three brothers, all of which are younger than she is, her sister being the youngest of the five. When Anna was nineteen, her mother, an italian woman, died of ovarian cancer at age fourty. She uses that experience in much of her writing, such as â€Å"A Short Guide to a Happy Life.† This left her with only her father, and Irish man, as most of the characters in her books such as â€Å"Object Lessons’ are. Since she was a teenager, Anna Quindlen has been a feminist, and although her reasoning has changed quite a bit, she still remains one. Anna currently is married to a man named Gerald Krovatin and has three children. They all live in New York City. This incredible woman has written and published four best-selling novels. They are â€Å"Object Lessons,† â€Å"One True Thing,† â€Å"Black and Blue,† and â€Å"Blessings.† â€Å"Black and Blue’ was made into a movie as well as â€Å"One True Thing†. Anna also has three collection of her colums published. They consist of â€Å"Living Out Loud,† â€Å"Thinking Out Loud,† and â€Å"Loud and Clear.† She also wrote about her own personal experiences in â€Å"A Short Guide to a Happy Life, â€Å"Being Perfect,† and â€Å"Imagined London.† â€Å"Being Perfect† is a national bestseller as well as â€Å"A Short Guide to a Happy Life.† She was a columnist for the New York Times from 1981 to 1994, and 1990 was a big year for her. In that year she was given the title of the third woman in New York Times history to write a column for the Op-Ed page. In 1995 Anna became a full-time book writer and left her column and journalism. In 1992, Ms. Quindlen won a very honorable prize. In the category of Commentary, Anna Quindlen won a Pulitzer Prize. However, she did not stop there . She went on to win a Mothers At Home Media Award in 2001, and two Clarion Awards. The first, in 2001 for Best Regular Opinion Column in a magazine, and the second in 2002 for Best Opinion Column from the Association for Women in Communications. Annna has received honorary doctorates from Moravian College, Smith College, Denison University, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Mount Holyoke College. She was also give the University Medal of Excellence from Columbia. Ms. Quindlen was also a Victoria Fellow in Contemporary Issues at Rutgers, a Poynter Fellow in Journalism at Yale, and a Fellow of the Academy of Arts Sciences. These things, among others, are what set her apart from others, and she has something to show for her achievements. And so Anna Quindlen accomplished more emotionally than any other woman on Earth. She was the third woman to write a certain column for the New York Times, and a best-selling author at the same time. As a role model for women everywhere, Anna Quindlen went from being little Anna Marie Quindlen to the great woman she is now. Her words have allowed the people of the twenty-first century to make great life choices and love people for who they are. Anna is thanked and revered for as long as she is remembered, which will definetly be for years and years to come.

The concept of scientific management case study

The concept of scientific management case study The concept of scientific management can be defined as the exercise of the scientific technique to define the most appropriate or best way for a job to be done. Important Contributions in this field is made by Frederick W. Taylor, who is deemed as the father of scientific management. Taylors employment at the Bethlehem Steel companies inspired his concern in improving efficiency. Frederick W. Taylor sought to produce a mental transformation among both workers and managers by defining transparent guidelines towards improving production efficiency. Through all of these, Frederick W. Taylor was adept to define the most suitable or one best way for doing every job. Frederick W. Taylor accomplished steady improvements in productivity in the range of nearly 200 percent. He acknowledged the role of managers to plan and manage and of workers to act upon as they were instructed (Daniel, 1992)Â  [1]Â  . The expansion of management theories has been described by differing ideas regarding what managers do and how they should do it. It is believed that scientific management pored over management from the lookout of enhancing the productivity and competency of manual workers. Frederick W. Taylors Four Principles of Scientific Management includes- carefully study every part of the task scientifically and cultivate a best method to perform that particular task..He also suggested to carefully choose workers and prepare them to perform a task with the use of scientifically developed approach (Daniel, 1992)1. Time studies as described by Taylor go ahead to the idea of the assembly procession which is suitably open up for any type of organization. The term of Scientific management has been originally selected as a indication to progressives ideals of the 1910s. Scientific management, at first the inadequacy of laissez-faire and the necessary role of disinterested elites (Haber, 1964)Â  [2]Â  ! The functionalist imagery used in The Principles of Scientific Management presents the Taylorist approach as a set of prescriptions to get better a few endeavors. Similarly mental transformation planned might be an appeal for a social commitment of engineers as well as controlled persons of the organization. (Daniel, 1992)1. The recent international development of new thoughts is a result of the internal revolution of firms as well as a component of interaction between between reformist actions at the turning of the century. However without believing honestly in all of too good-natured declarations of social harmony, how would the peculiarity of this discourse of modernization would be seriously taken into account and analyzed. On the opposite side Taylor saw that -the power of the skilled workers was the lack of power on the part of management. Taylor therefore extended as his goal the refurbishment of power back into the hands of management. He did not see this in terms of a dispute between social groups. In Taylors view, there is need of scientific study of the work process in order to enhance productivity and efficiency which would be of benefit for all. However the present system not able to provide this and therefore needed fundamental reform. Taylor believed that attempts levels and incentive systems should be determined on scientific basis. It was not the result of bargaining and dispute between skilled workers and managers. Therefore he began to look at other ways where the production system could be restructured (Daniel, 1992)1. Taylors 4 Principles of Scientific Management Taylor proposed the following four principles of scientific management which he concluded after years of various experiments to determine optimal work methods:- Collaborate with the workers to make sure that the scientifically developed approaches are being followed. Distribute total work nearly equally among managers and workers, such as the managers apply scientific management ideology to planning the work and the workers essentially perform the tasks. Exchange rule of thumb work methods with techniques based on a scientific study of the tasks. Scientifically choose, coach, and develop each worker instead of passively leaving them to train themselves (Daniel, 1992)1. These all four principles were implemented in many production units as well as factories which focused on increasing productivity through a factor of either three or more principles. It is a evidence that Henry Ford applied some of Taylors principles in his organization and automobile/ vehicle factories as well as families and the result of the same all these started to perform their individual and household tasks basis on the outcome of time and motion studies (Daniel, 1992)1. Any discussion of scientific management needs to identify its particular contextual features. These feature gaggle Taylor in two directions. First direction which is implanted in all modem industrial systems concerns the requirement for planning of the production process. However, the other direction was focused towards a specific model of how the work process could be structured. It was based on a process of generalization of skills and deskilling. On the basis of specific American context, for a time being, it may be successful in that context but, as a more generic way, it was not commonly adopted because in other countries, privileged, managers as well as workers had different expectations of their particular roles. So skilled work keep hold of a greater significance in many more countries and sectors than Taylor would have expected (Daniel, 1992)1. Application of Scientific Management in case study Human Resource or Staffing costs take up the largest share of the budget in all major important hospitals. There should be effective processes that should be focused on managing recruitment, sickness and absence staff, which can offer considerable benefits. Required changes in practice are one thing but enabling sustainable developments which is generally considered as a more difficult challenge. Work with precious in accepting how to attain long term change and how to constantly improve standard practice should be major concern (Koontz, 1986)Â  [3]Â  . In the given case of Aidensfield Hospitals Trust (AHT) it is reveal that Human resource management administration is presently controlled from a central HR department, although some areas of the organizations people management practices such as employee selection, discipline, grievance and communication have been delegated to line management within loose group working arrangements. However, slack reporting structures, weak lines of communication, along with ill-defined limits of authority and accountability have resulted in role ambiguity within the line managers. In turn, this is mirrored in job insecurity, low morale and poor motivation at operational level (Tsoukas, 1994)Â  [4]Â   It also suggested that working alongside the Human Resources team at ATH must undertake a diagnostic review of current processes. To apply this initial lean implementation activity, supported with an introduction to support methodologies and waste walk, pin-pointed the main areas for improvement within the department that may include sickness and absence rates and the lead-time for recruitment to unfilled or vacant posts. It also require, the complete process flow planning of sickness and absence management identified postponements, gaps in the process and a lack of standardization (Koontz,1986)Â  [5]Â  . Additional focus also suggested on delays through root basis analysis supported by the team in recognizing solutions to the key issues, which may include: Case conferencing Mandatory training Performance indicators Project planning Simplified procedures and documentation Process mapping of recruitment activities are the major challenges which required to be highlighted through the system. The new requirement analysis should be done for Job design which is part of vacancy filling. These steps focus out of sequence, standards being followed and further delays may arise in Occupational Health and patients checking and diagnosis (Goold, 2002)Â  [6]Â  . The root cause analysis may help the team work at ATH on a number of expected solutions that may include:- Transparent performance measures Capacity matching measures Separated recruitment from job design Standard recruitment procedures Demand Building on all suggested improvement The ATH management should work with the Human Resources team to develop their internal base capability in order to sustain new improvements. All the staff should require to attain training workshop which given them skills in techniques such as general process mapping and structured problem analysis as well as solving. At ATH many role ambiguity and a degree of inconsistency regarding people management arrangements is apparent within supervisory grades in the organization should be removed. More emphasis on Delegation, communication, team-building and employee empowerment have all been problematic issues for managers, trade union representatives and employees of this health service provider. As a manager leadership is crucial to the success of ATH. A caring, competent and professional leader will earn the respect and support of all the staff. Managers who show by example that they are acting according to a sound value system and a high work ethic are well on the road to managing a suc cessful hospital. To do this, managers need personal goals. The team must have a clear strategy for themselves and communicate this clearly to others. However teamwork that involves all levels of staff, starting with the management, developing a shared vision and purpose for the hospital within its shared core values is a way to unify people from different backgrounds and professions. To improve the HR functions at ATH is suggested that the organization to perform effectively in this highly competitive environment, senior management perceive a need to streamline the management structure, formalize reporting arrangements, clarify parameters of authority and improve the present group working arrangements. It is likely that these changes will have far-reaching consequences for both management and operational workers. Because the present management-employee relations climate is not conductive to the implementation of change, it will be necessary to create a positive team-based environme nt to embrace ongoing change in the future (McMahon, 1980)Â  [7]Â  . Q4. Using specific examples drawn from the case study discuss leadership styles and the potential behavioral responses. Leadership Styles Leadership generally defined in numerous ways by different authors, however the most appropriate one in the hospital scenario is the process of influencing all the behavior of an individual or a group in such a way that they try hard keenly towards the achievement of organization goals (Clegg, 2005)Â  [8]Â  . Types of leadership Autocratic Leadership The characteristics of Autocratic leadership are:- The leader primarily seeks the conformity from his group. They have to carry out the work as preferred by the leader. The whole authority is centralized with the leader and he can determine everything. The leaders can structures entire work for his employees. Communication is generally unidirectional from above downwards. Workers compliance can obtain through threats and punishments. Those who obey orders may reward and those who do not are punished. It is a carrot and stick type of leadership. All employees have very slight responsibility. All employees assured about their security. (h) Decision making is speedy and less competent subordinates can be simply employed. (i) The highly qualified professionals do not like this type of leadership as there is short of scope for growth, development, proposal and sense of responsibility. (j) Fear, argument, dissatisfaction and frustration can increase easily (Clegg, 2005)8. Participative or Democratic Leadership The characteristics of Democratic Leadership are:- Communication can make in all directions. Decision making taking more time. Experienced and capable workers feel more happy and satisfied. In this type of leadership, leader and workers share the decision making. It is not a carotid stick type of leadership. There are no punishments but corrective actions and rewards are based on goal achievements. The leader draws the ideas and suggestions from the workers by discussions and consultations. The workers are encouraged to take part in making organizational goals and the job of leader is mainly that of control. The workers have a common sense of belonging and satisfaction. Unskilled and lower level workers do not like this style (Clegg, 2005)8. Laissez-Faire or Free Rein Leadership In this type of leadership, each worker has his own ability and the leader is relatively like an information cubicle. He exercises a minimum and assumes the role of another member of the group. This is more suitable for investigate laboratories and similar organizations (Clegg, 2005)8. Epidemiology of Leadership in different conditions In order to determine the best leadership style following three factors can be obtained. The condition in which the leading takes place. The people individual lead. The personal individuality of the leader himself. Because differences take place in all three of these factors, there can be major deviation in leadership style (Clegg, 2005)8. The other differentiation of major leadership style is listed below:- Affiliative Leadership Authoritative Leadership Charismatic Leadership Coaching Leadership Style Coercive Leaders Democratic Leaders Pacesetting Leaders Behavioral Responses A Leader has an authority that motivates others towards achieve a common goal. Respected leaders focus on what they are about their beliefs and character, what they know about job, tasks, and human nature, and what they do to implement, motivate, and provide directions. Managers may manage tasks. Leaders can lead people. Respected managers have subordinates and leaders have followers. Managers are those people who do things right. Leaders are those people who do the right thing. Leadership style is the style in which manner and approach for providing directions, implementing plans, and motivating people. Leaders may vary their styles. A Leader is not strict on one style. Mostly leaders may use multiple styles to control their followers one (Golema, 2002)Â  [9]Â  . True leadership starts when it does an impact on the followers. Every counseling leader makes the assumption that there is individuality about individuals skills, and that some may beat the leaders in convinced areas. Ideas are encourage able and shareable, and decisions that reflects the collective intelligence of the team members. The leader consults with their followers and smooths the system for them to do a superior job. Where a manager may give a sense of self-belief in the leader, the counseling leader gives all the team members a sense of self-belief in themselves. By installing this confidence in their work, the counseling leader set the point for what is known as maintenance behavior, the ability to keep things affecting on keel. In this regard, the leader may become a valuable person for the company who has ability to develop internal concord (Golema, 2002)9. The formula for a success leader is really very simple: The more leadership styles are adopted more you are able to master, so you will become the superior leader. The ability to replace between styles as situation demands wills superior the result and workplace climate. Golemans research exposed four more leadership styles that leaders were able to master the affinitive, democratic, coaching, and authoritative styles frequently provide better performance from their followers and a healthy climate in which they are working (Golema, 2002)9. Application to case study The hospital is a multipart organization, aimed to attain the patient care fulfillment. This organization is totally different from other organizations like cotton industry, toys or car production industry, all the principles of management are appropriate in the hospital atmosphere. Hospitals are labor concentrated organizations and engage a large number of professionals, who are working in a life and death activity, leadership is one of the areas which attach a lot of importance in the hospital management. In the hospital various types of people come across, like hospital employees, patients and the visitors. The scope is more or limited to the hospital employees. (McMahon, 1980)7. As already discussed hospital is a multipart organization aimed with various types of actions performed by different groups of employees ranging from unskilled to highly skilled and professional. Mainly the hospital employees can be divided into three groups. Medical (Professionals). Non-medical. Nursing and paramedical. Professional employees: This group consists of doctors, specialists and super specialists who are highly qualified and highly skilled workers. Even though money and materials may provoke some of them but on the whole they are provoked only after their psychological needs are met with. Their psychological needs can be met when they are participating in the decision making. As a result, they feel intelligence of belonging and achieve acclaim as well (Golema, 2002)9. Nursing and paramedical employees: This group consists of technical and semiskilled workers lower than the professional group. Primarily they require job structuring by oppressive way of leadership, they obtain so much proficiency that direction and willpower takes higher priority in motivating them and they become an important part of the unrestricted leadership (Golema, 2002)9. Non-Medical employees: This group consists of unskilled workers with very low education and very low financial status. Their inspiration comes by meeting their basic and security requirements. Simply by money and material benefits can satisfy this type of group. Since their requirements are very limited and need job security, the oppressive style of leadership is the improved way to control them (Golema, 2002)9. There are two types of situations in hospital industry. Normal situation Crisis situation Normal situation: Throughout normal situation professional, nursing and paramedical groups of workers are controlled with the democratic type of leadership. Even the hospital disaster plan can be discussed and customized according to the past experiences. The non-medical group of employees can be governed by the autocratic style of leadership even throughout the normal situations. Crisis situation: The comparatively sudden and wide spread trouble of the social system and the life of group of people by some agent or occurrence of large amount of admissions of patients and lead to the crisis situation in the hospital. Hospital disaster plan is activated in this situation and demands autocratic style of leadership (Golema, 2002)9. For achieving optimal leadership style the leader has to modify his working style according to the needs. In ancient days leadership was considered to be the natural feature and used to lead in the particular families. Due to availability of better management tools and development of the scientific knowledge, now leadership basically involves in motivating the staff and appliance of communication skills (Golema, 2002)9. Operative leadership is an essential need for higher utilization of insufficient hospital resources and higher superiority of medical care. It has already been discussed that democratic style is more appropriate for the normal situations for highly qualified and highly professional group, whereas crisis situations can be managed by way of autocratic style of leadership. The autocratic style of leadership can control the non- medical group effectively. The hospital administrator should have competency in all the styles of leadership and should select the one according to the situation (McMahon, 1980)7. Q6. Critically review the concept informal organization and illustrate how it may apply to the case study. Concept of informal organization The nature of organizational structure has changed over many decades. The major trend of organizational has been from mechanistic structures, hierarchies, functional specializations and management controls, to organic structures, characterized by team working, empowerment and flexibility. Organizational design reflects the systems that consider both hard and soft components, i.e. elements, association between elements, and relations as a whole to form one unit. Therefore, mechanistic and organic structures acquire different characteristics, namely: mechanistic structures emphasize the hard component of systems with minute consideration paid to the soft component; while organic structures mainly expand the soft component (that is the informal structure) relating to the interaction between the soft and hard components for the creation of organizational capability. This conceptual term paper embraces systems opinion, elaborating on the changing importance of elements within different ty pes of organizational structure. In addition to the importance of managing the informal structure for the goal of organizational success within the facts economy (Kotter 1990)Â  [10]Â  ! Informal structure is essential for organizational behavior, but, unlike formal structure, is not illustrated in the organizational chart. On the other hand, formal organizational structure can be unreliable, as many organizational activities, which symbolize the real vigor, may be undertake outside the framework of formal organizational structure; and people, who control the real future, may be well hidden beneath of the organizational chart (Roberts, 2004)Â  [11]Â  . Therefore, formal institutions have been analyzed and evaluated separately of informal institutions. The converse is also true: the informal institutions have largely distant from the importance of formal institutions, often viewing them as functional substitute. Some of the scholars feels that is not adequately look at the relations between formal and in-formal organizational / institutions. We challenge in somehow towards failure to amalgamate of all these concepts into a common theory has led to imperfect reasoning and considerable weakness in theories of economic organization. In this essay we analysis the both informal and formal institutions of economic organization into the most fundamental predictions of NIE. The formal and informal organization structure Organizations have a formal structure which is organized by the responsibility for managing the organization. They create the formal structures to enable the organization to meet its affirmed objectives (Weick, 2001)Â  [12]Â  . Frequently these formal structures will be set out in the form of organizational charts. However, an informal structure develops day-to-day interactions between the members of the organization in most organizations. This informal structure may be different from set out on paper. Informal structures develop because: Informal structures are easier to work on it. patterns of interaction are formed by friendship groups and other relationships people does not like to work on formal structures people find new ways for doing things in easier way and save the time Many times the unofficial structure might be conflict with the formal or official one. It can be noted that where these case the organization might become less efficient towards meeting its stated objectives. In spite of this, in some cases the informal or unofficial structure might ascertain to become more efficient while meeting organizational aim because the formal organizational structure might be set out very badly. It is supposed that managers require learning to work with both formal and informal structures. It may be a flexible manager who may feel fundamentals of the in-formal organizational structure that might be formalized for sake of understanding by accommodation the formal organization structure to fits in developments that may results from daily working of the in-formal structure. All of the organizations that appear in the Times 100 will have some form of formal structure which is usually set out in organization charts. As the managers foster these in-formal teams an d mould all of them in-to the formal organization which can lead to high intensity of motivation for the staff concerned. However, these organizations also benefit from informal structures based on friendship groups. By analyzing how the informal and formal organizations might be complementary, balanced and integrated, the requirements of an organization become clear and practical solutions present themselves. On the other hand a formal process makes sure that particular works that might be efficient and primary informal set up that can be organize individuals quickly as well as effectively towards put an end to issues that might not be addressed in system itself. On the other hand proper performance bonus may inspire top sales people and gives pride in better negotiation behaviors that might inspire the larger group of low or middle performers (Watson, 1986)Â  [13]Â  . Application of informal organization to case study Few hospital trusts and health authorities steadily do better than others on different paths towards performance. In this case study of ATH, there are some proof related to management matters, however the combination of individual clinicians and teams. In this case it is found that the link between the organization and management of services as well as quality of patient care can be criticized theoretically and methodologically (Miles, 1978)Â  [14]Â  . A larger and debatably more precise body of work presents on the performance of hospital in the private sector, often conducted within the disciplines of organizational behavior or human resource management. Some studies in these traditions have towards the decentralization and participation as well as innovative work rehearsal on outcome of variables which may include job satisfaction, good feeling and performance. The main objective is to identify a number of reviews and research traditions that might bring new and innovative ideas into future work towards finding out hospital performance. This may be the case where preferably furthere research might be more theoretically in-formed which may use parallel rather than horizontal designs. The use of some statistical methods and techniques which include multilevel modeling that allow for the inclusion of variables towards various levels of analysis that would enable rough estimation of separate involvement that structure, process make to hospital outcomes. (McMahon, 1980)7 For a medium sized hospital as ATH, it might not be sure why, but over the last few years it was found it more and more difficult to be effective people management in the traditional ways. It was almost as if ATH management spent all of their time trying to swim upstream. Things that used to be obvious and easy became difficult however ATH management couldnt understand why. This problem unfortunately is a fairly common problem within same companies or hospitals. ATH management failed to understand and manage the informal organization structure within these functional teams. As this can be a fatal flaw to all managers which may include senior ones! All company in generally having two organization structures, the first one is called formal structure. This is the one everyone talks about. It can be seen on official organization charts. It shows who reports to whom, who is responsible for what and how everyone is supposed to communicate with each other. But then theres another organizati on that few talk about but is at least equally important (Clarke, 1998)Â  [15]Â  . Its the informal organization within the company. Its the structure which can be following when the management/ authorities like ATH management dont have the time to do it the right way. Its based on who knows what, who gets things done, who has influence and power, who must agree before an idea can be effectively implemented. Formal structures are the way a hospital wants things to work. Informal structures describe the way they really work. (McMahon, 1980)7. Efficient and effective companies recognize this and management makes sure they are never very far apart. They understand that if they are too far apart for too long something is going to break. The problem is that it is difficult to predict what will break. In this case it is found that there is problem that ATH management failed to include and listen to other key executives, some of whom management thought had nothing to do with what he was changing, as he moved forward with an important series of initiatives (Evans, 2000)Â  [16]Â  . There are two lessons to be learned from ATH management experience. The first is rather obvious, every manager and employee should understand that informal structures exist in companies, that they are not much bad and must be understand and used as required appropriately. It is found that Ignoring all of them is done at ATH management own risk. Similarly another lesson which seems more fundamental (Mintzberg, 1993)Â  [17]Â  ! ATH management need to periodically look at how things are done, how they are organ